A scoping review about social and emotional wellbeing programs and services targeting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people in Australia: understanding the principles guiding promising practice.

BACKGROUND: Multiple culturally-oriented programs, services, and frameworks have emerged in recent decades to support the social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Aboriginal) people in Australia. Although there are some common elements, principles, and methods, few attempts have been made to integrate them into a set of guidelines for policy and practice settings. This review aims to identify key practices adopted by programs and services that align with the principles of the National Strategic Framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples' Mental Health and Social and Emotional Wellbeing 2017-2023. METHODS: A comprehensive review of electronic databases and organisational websites was conducted to retrieve studies of relevance. Twenty-seven publications were included in the review. Next, we identified promising practices through a collaborative review process. We then used the principles articulated in the above-mentioned framework as the basis to complete a framework analysis. This enabled us to explore the alignment between current scholarship about SEWB programs and services with respect to the principles of the framework. RESULTS: We found there was a strong alignment, with selected principles being effectively incorporated into most SEWB program and service delivery contexts. However, only one study incorporated all nine principles, using them as conceptual framework. Additionally, 'capacity building', 'individual skill development', and 'development of maladaptive coping mechanisms' were identified as common factors in SEWB program planning and delivery for Aboriginal people. CONCLUSION: We argue the selective application of nationally agreed principles in SEWB programs and services, alongside a paucity of scholarship relating to promising practices in young people-oriented SEWB programs and services, are two areas that need the urgent attention of commissioners and service providers tasked with funding, planning, and implementing SEWB programs and services for Aboriginal people. Embedding robust participatory action research and evaluation approaches into the design of such services and programs will help to build the necessary evidence-base to achieve improved SEWB health outcomes among Aboriginal people, particularly young people with severe and complex mental health needs.

Duration of action of topical antiallergy drugs in a Guinea pig model of histamine-induced conjunctival vascular permeability.

The topical application of 0.1% olopatadine has been shown to provide significant attenuation of histamine-induced conjunctival vascular permeability (CVP) within 5 min and for as long as 24 h following a topical administration. The duration of the action of olopatadine was compared to that of epinastine, azelastine, and ketotifen. Male Hartley outbred guinea pigs (weighing 250-300 g) were administered a drug or vehicle as single O.D. topical drops, at times ranging from 4 to 24 h prior to histamine challenge. One (1) h prior to histamine challenge, the animals were administered 1 mL of Evans blue dye (1 mg/mL) through the marginal ear vein. Histamine (300 ng) was administered by a subconjunctival injection, and the guinea pigs were sacrificed 30 min later. CVP was assessed as the area and color intensity stained with Evans blue dye. The potencies of each drug were determined by calculating a 50% effective dose (ED(50)) for the inhibition of vascular leakage, compared to vehicle treatment, at each time point. Olopatadine was the only compound tested that was significantly effective 16 h following a single topical application. The ED(50) for olopatadine at 16 h was 0.031%. Epinastine, azelastine, and ketotifen were only significantly effective for up to 4 h. Olopatadine exhibited the longest duration of action for inhibition of histamine-induced vascular permeability in guinea pigs of any topical antiallergic drug tested. Concentrations of olopatadine, which provided a greater than 50% inhibition of the histamine-induced vascular response, were consistently less than 0.1% over a 16-h pretreatment interval.

Preclinical and clinical antiallergic effect of olopatadine 0.2% solution 24 hours after topical ocular administration.

Pharmacologic studies examined the potential of a solution containing olopatadine to maintain and extend antiallergic efficacy after single topical ocular drop administration over 24 hours. Results of these preclinical experiments conducted in guinea pigs indicated that olopatadine 0.2% (wt/vol) solution was significantly effective 24 hours after dosing. This concentration of olopatadine provided significantly more efficacy than Patanol (olopatadine 0.1%) 24 hours after administration while being as effective as Patanol (olopatadine 0.1%) 5 minutes after administration. Results from a human conjunctival allergen challenge trial in sensitive subjects confirmed clinical efficacy of olopatadine 0.2% solution over 24 hours. When individuals were challenged with antigen at onset, 16 and 24 hours after drug administration onto the eye, significant reductions were observed in the scores for active drug as compared with placebo for pruritus (77, 77, and 61%), conjunctival redness (35, 28, and 20%), and chemosis (53, 41, and 31%), respectively. These data suggest that topically applied olopatadine 0.2% solution will be an effective once-a-day therapy for allergic conjunctivitis.