ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Secondary neoplasms in the thyroid are rare. The study aim was to provide an overview of non-thyroid tumours that metastasize to the thyroid through our institutional experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study entailed a review of the pathology database searching for patients with metastasis to the thyroid at the Karolinska University Hospital between 1992 and 2019 and review of their medical files. RESULTS: Out of 1939 surgical procedures with a histopathological diagnosis of a thyroid malignancy, 31 cases (1.6%, 65% females) with a diagnosis of metastatic epithelial neoplasms to the thyroid gland were identified. The median age at discovery of the thyroid metastasis was 68 years (range 48-85). The most common primary tumours were clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) (36%), followed by non-small cell lung cancer (19%), oesophageal cancer (16%), head and neck malignancies (16%), malignant melanoma (10%) and unknown primary tumour (3%). The median time from the diagnosis of the primary tumour to diagnosis of the thyroid metastasis was 20 months (0-232) and was longest for patients with ccRCC (median 107 months). At 12 months after the non-thyroid metastasis diagnosis 48% had died. The longest survival was observed in ccRCC and the shortest in lung cancer. Surgical management of the metastasis was associated with improved survival (25 vs 3.8 months, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-thyroid metastases to the thyroid were rare but should be suspected in patients with previous history of non-thyroid malignancy and a thyroid nodule. Prognosis was poor, but surgical management was beneficial in selected patients.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/secondary , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/secondary , Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology , Kidney Neoplasms/pathology , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Melanoma/secondary , Neoplasms, Unknown Primary/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/secondary , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Survival Rate , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Time FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The relation between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. In an attempt to provide high-quality evidence on the relation between PCOS and CVD, relevant literature for CVD risk markers [C-reactive protein (CRP), homocysteine (Hcy), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and fibrinogen] in women with PCOS was reviewed and analyzed. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted electronically using specific eligibility criteria. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and combined appropriately. To ensure synthesis of the best available evidence, sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 130 data sets were included in 11 different outcomes, involving 7174 and 5076 CVD markers in women with PCOS and controls, respectively. Women with PCOS demonstrated significantly elevated CRP [WMD (95% CI) 0.99 (0.77-1.21)], Hcy [2.25 (1.46-3.03)], PAI-1 antigen [16.96 (7.25-26.28)], PAI-1 activity [0.71 (0.18-1.23)], VEGF [1.72 (0.96-2.48)], ADMA [0.19 (0.08-0.3)], AGEs [3.91 (2.36-5.45)] and Lp(a) [0.81 (0.58-1.04)] concentrations compared with controls, yet with significant between-study heterogeneity. Borderline significance (not robust in the sensitivity analyses) was detected for TNF-α [0.75 (0.07-1.44)], ET-1 [1.06 (0.52-1.59)] and fibrinogen [0.20 (0.01-0.39)], whereas no difference was detected for IL-6 [0.71 (-0.16 to 1.59)]. CONCLUSIONS Women with PCOS have increased serum concentrations of CVD risk markers compared with controls. Whether this apparent risk is translated into increased incidence of CVD in later life remains to be elucidated.
