ABSTRACT
The TTGA-binding factor is a transcriptional regulator activated by DIF, the chlorinated hexaphenone that induces prestalk cell differentiation in Dictyostelium. The same activity also functions as a repressor, controlling stalk cell differentiation. We show that the TTGA-binding factor is a STAT protein. Like the metazoan STATs, it functions via the reciprocal interaction of a phosphotyrosine residue on one molecule with an SH2 domain on a dimerizing partner. Furthermore, it will bind specifically to a mammalian interferon-stimulated response element. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where the entire genomic sequence is known, SH2 domains have not been identified. It would seem, therefore, that SH2 signaling pathways arose very early in the evolution of multicellular organisms, perhaps to facilitate intercellular comunication.
Subject(s)
Dictyostelium/physiology , Milk Proteins , Signal Transduction/physiology , src Homology Domains/physiology , Animals , Cell Differentiation/physiology , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Complementary , DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/isolation & purification , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Dictyostelium/cytology , Dictyostelium/growth & development , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology , Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/physiology , Janus Kinase 1 , Mammals , Mass Spectrometry , Molecular Sequence Data , Phosphorylation , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism , STAT5 Transcription Factor , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid , Trans-Activators/chemistry , Trans-Activators/genetics , Transcription Factors/chemistry , Transcription Factors/isolation & purification , Transcription Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
The major constitutive phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-P3 (PtdIns) 5-phosphatase activity was purified and subjected to peptide sequence analysis providing extensive amino acid sequence which was subsequently used for cloning the cDNA. Peptide and cDNA sequences revealed that the purified PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase was identical to a splice variant of a recently cloned inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase termed synaptojanin. Since synaptojanin is not known to possess PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase activity, we verified that the purified PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase activity and synaptojanin are identical by Western blot using specific antibodies raised against synaptojanin sequences. Immunoprecipitation from crude lysates of rat brain tissue showed that synaptojanin accounts for the major part of the active PtdIns(3, 4,5)P3 5-phosphatase activity. It is also shown that the protein is localized to the soluble fraction. Expression of a truncated recombinant protein demonstrates that the conserved 5-phosphatase region of the synaptojanin gene expresses PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase activity. However, immunological analysis demonstrates that the PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase activity expressed from the synaptojanin gene in brain is due to a particular splice variant which contains a 16-amino acid insert as shown by immunoprecipitation using a specific antibody raised against this particular splice variant.