ABSTRACT
Medical and non-medical uses of silver are increasing. While the health benefits of silver therapy are widely claimed, few studies address the possible side effects of resistance, allergy, or skin discoloration. In this manuscript, a review of silver absorption, mechanism of action, allergy, microbial resistance and skin changes is presented. The ideal silver-delivery system is unknown. Most studies of side effects are animal or laboratory studies, which may not correlate with human experience. There is little correlation between serum silver levels, end-organ deposition and cytotoxic effects. The multiple mechanisms of antimicrobial action make true resistance unlikely. In microbes, genotypic resistance does not necessarily confer phenotypic resistance. Most cases of argyria occur from occupational exposure or from ingestion of colloidal silver rather than from topical application. Although toxicity, resistance and chronic skin changes are a theoretic concern, the lack of reported side effects despite widespread silver use is reassuring.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/adverse effects , Dermatitis, Contact/etiology , Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects , Silver/adverse effects , Animals , Anti-Infective Agents/metabolism , Burns/drug therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Pigmentation Disorders/chemically induced , Silver/metabolism , Skin AbsorptionABSTRACT
For 2010, roughly 1446 original burn research articles were published in scientific journals using the English language. This article reviews those with the most impact on burn treatment according to the Editor of one of the major journals (Burns) and his colleagues. As in previous reviews, articles were divided into the following topic areas: epidemiology, demographics of injury, wound characterisation and treatment, critical care, inhalation injury, infection, metabolism and nutrition, psychological considerations, pain and itching management, rehabilitation and long-term outcomes, and burn reconstruction. Each paper is considered very briefly, and the reader is referred to full manuscripts for details.
Subject(s)
Burns/therapy , Burns/complications , Burns/physiopathology , Burns/psychology , Burns, Inhalation/therapy , Critical Care/methods , Humans , Nutritional Status , Pain Management , Plastic Surgery Procedures , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology , Wound Infection/microbiologyABSTRACT
Over the past 30 years, techniques of early excision and grafting along with enhancement of critical care have significantly improved survival following burn injury. Despite these advancements, large volume blood loss associated with surgical intervention continues to be a challenging aspect of burn surgery. This review article will examine the methods of limiting blood loss during surgical procedures.
Subject(s)
Blood Loss, Surgical/prevention & control , Burns/surgery , Hemostasis, Surgical/methods , Burns/complications , Critical Care/methods , Electrocoagulation , Fibrin Tissue Adhesive/therapeutic use , Hemostatics/therapeutic use , Humans , TourniquetsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study are to evaluate the outcome of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in a subgroup of patients with Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome who had a predicted mortality of 100% and to assess the complications associated with this treatment modality and with different cannulation techniques. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with severe Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome were supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between April 1994 and June 2006. Cannulation of the femoral vessels was performed on an emergency basis by a percutaneous approach in 15 (39.5%) and by an open technique in 23 (60.5%) patients. Duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation averaged 132 hours (range: 5-276 hours). RESULTS: Complications from percutaneous cannulation occurred in 4 (26.6%) of 15 patients: retroperitoneal hematoma in 2 (13.3%) and lower extremity ischemia in 2 (13.3%) patients, which resolved after insertion of a distal perfusion cannula. Complications from open femoral cannulation occurred in 8 (34.8%) of 23 patients: severe bleeding in 7 (30.4%) patients and lower extremity ischemia in 1 (4.3%) patient who required a leg amputation. The overall survival was 60.5% (23/38 patients). Six (40%) of the 15 patients cannulated percutaneously and 9 (39.1%) of 23 patients who had open cannulation died. All survivors recovered completely and were discharged from the hospital after a mean hospital stay of 20.8 days (range: 10-39 days). CONCLUSIONS: Almost two thirds of the patients with severe Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome who were supported with extracorporeal circulation survived and recovered completely. The complications associated with both types of femoral cannulation may be attributed to the fact that all patients were in shock or in full cardiac arrest, and the procedure had to be done expeditiously. Earlier institution of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may decrease the complication rates and improve the overall survival.
