ABSTRACT
Two types of drugs are generally used for treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit disorder in humans: amphetamines or similar stimulants and the nonamphetamine atomoxetine. We describe the toxicity and treatment of both amphetamines and similar medications and atomoxetine in dogs and cats. Amphetamine intoxication can cause life-threatening stimulatory signs. Treatment is aimed at preventing absorption, controlling the stimulatory signs, and protecting the kidneys; prognosis is generally good. Atomoxetine also has a fast onset of action; stimulatory signs such as hyperactivity and tachycardia are often seen. There are little published data about treatment of atomoxetine toxicity in cats and dogs.
Subject(s)
Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/poisoning , Cat Diseases/therapy , Central Nervous System Stimulants/poisoning , Dog Diseases/therapy , Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/antagonists & inhibitors , Amphetamines/antagonists & inhibitors , Amphetamines/poisoning , Animals , Atomoxetine Hydrochloride , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Cat Diseases/chemically induced , Cat Diseases/diagnosis , Cats , Central Nervous System Stimulants/antagonists & inhibitors , Dog Diseases/chemically induced , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dogs , Humans , Poison Control Centers/statistics & numerical data , Propylamines/antagonists & inhibitors , Propylamines/poisoningABSTRACT
Using the Gibbs function of reaction, equilibrium pressure, temperature conditions for the formation of methane clathrate hydrate have been calculated from the thermodynamic properties of phases in the system CH4-H2O. The thermodynamic model accurately reproduces the published phase-equilibria data to within +/-2 K of the observed equilibrium boundaries in the range 0.08-117 MPa and 190-307 K. The model also provides an estimate of the third-law entropy of methane hydrate at 273.15 K, 0.1 MPa of 56.2 J mol(-1) K(-1) for 1/nCH4.H2O, where n is the hydrate number. Agreement between the calculated and published phase-equilibria data is optimized when the hydrate composition is fixed and independent of the pressure and temperature for the conditions modeled.
ABSTRACT
Rheological experiments on fine-grained water ice II at low strain rates reveal a creep mechanism that dominates at conditions of low stress. Using cryogenic scanning electron microscopy, we observed that a change in stress exponent from 5 to 2.5 correlates strongly with a decrease in grain size from about 40 to 6 micrometers. The grain size-sensitive creep of ice II demonstrated here plausibly dominates plastic strain at the low-stress conditions in the interior of medium- to large-sized icy moons of the outer solar system.
Subject(s)
Ice , Planets , Chemical Phenomena , Chemistry, Physical , Jupiter , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Neptune , Pressure , Rheology , Saturn , UranusABSTRACT
The composition of methane hydrate, namely n(w) for CH4.n(w)H2O, was directly measured along the hydrate equilibrium boundary under conditions of excess methane gas. Pressure and temperature conditions ranged from 1.9 to 9.7 MPa and 263 to 285 K. Within experimental error, there is no change in hydrate composition with increasing pressure along the equilibrium boundary, but n(w) may show a slight systematic decrease away from this boundary. A hydrate stoichiometry of n(w) = 5.81-6.10 H2O describes the entire range of measured values, with an average composition of CH4.5.99(+/-0.07)H2O along the equilibrium boundary. These results, consistent with previously measured values, are discussed with respect to the widely ranging values obtained by thermodynamic analysis. The relatively constant composition of methane hydrate over the geologically relevant pressure and temperature range investigated suggests that in situ methane hydrate compositions may be estimated with some confidence.
