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1.
Chem Commun (Camb) ; 52(52): 8111-4, 2016 Jun 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27264555

ABSTRACT

Metallation of two analogous N- and P-allyl molecules Ph2NCH2CHCH2 and Ph2PCH2CHCH2 with nBuLi have shown contrasting reactivities based on the choice of Lewis donor. With metallation of the alpha carbon atom was achieved regardless of the Lewis donor used while in comparison metallation of showed an unexpected donor denticity dependence with P-C bond clevage induced with the tri-dentate PMDETA. Complementary DFT and solution studies rationalise this outcome.

2.
Phys Chem Chem Phys ; 18(8): 5799-806, 2016 Feb 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26426572

ABSTRACT

The bipedal spin label Rx is more restricted in its conformation and dynamics than its monopodal counterpart R1. To systematically investigate the utility of the Rx label, we have attempted to comprehensively survey the attachment of Rx to protein secondary structures. We have examined the formation, structure and dynamics of the spin label in relation to the underlying protein in order to determine feasibility and optimum conditions for distance and orientation measurement by pulsed EPR. The labeled proteins have been studied using molecular dynamics, CW EPR, pulsed EPR distance measurement at X-band and orientation measurement at W-band. The utility of different modes and positions of attachment have been compared and contrasted.


Subject(s)
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy , Proteins/chemistry , Spin Labels , Molecular Dynamics Simulation
3.
J Chem Ecol ; 34(10): 1283-9, 2008 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18810551

ABSTRACT

This study addressed the question of how caterpillars of Archips cerasivoranus feeding upon Prunus virginiana cope with the cyanogenic compounds of their food. Analysis by ion chromatography showed that young and aged leaves of P. virginiana consumed by the caterpillars during spring have hydrogen cyanide potentials (HCN-ps) of 2,473 +/- 130 ppm and 1,058 +/- 98 ppm, respectively. Although less than 3% of the cyanide released as the caterpillars feed escapes into the atmosphere, the larva's bright-yellow aposematic coloration and conspicuous activity can not be attributed to the sequestration of cyanide. Only six of 25 samples of the caterpillars' defensive regurgitants collected from 12 field colonies contained cyanide (17.6 +/- 6.54 ppm), less than 5% of the quantity previously reported to occur in the regurgitant of the tent caterpillar M. americanum. Only seven of 13 caterpillars assayed had detectable quantities of cyanide in their bodies (3.9 +/- 0.9 ppm). The fecal pellets that encase the cocoon contained no cyanide, nor did the frass that litters the leaf shelters. The small quantities of cyanide that occur in the caterpillar compared to the HCN-p of ingested plant material appear attributable to paced bouts of feeding and the maintenance of a highly alkaline foregut that inhibits cyanogenesis.


Subject(s)
Cyanides/metabolism , Moths/physiology , Prunus/metabolism , Animals , Feces/chemistry , Feeding Behavior , Gastrointestinal Contents/chemistry , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Larva/drug effects , Larva/physiology , Moths/drug effects , Plant Leaves/chemistry
4.
Water Sci Technol ; 58(1): 127-32, 2008.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18653946

ABSTRACT

The World Health Organisation's (WHO) Water Safety Plans highlight the need for preventative risk management when managing water contamination risks. As part of this approach, a management framework incorporating multiple barriers is necessary and there is a need to validate those barriers through scientific evidence. This paper reports on a study undertaken to validate the effectiveness, in terms of pathogen numbers, of having protected watersheds. The study aimed to determine if the deer population in a protected watershed carried Cryptosporidium and whether or not it was human infectious. Deer faecal samples were collected from the protected watersheds over a 12 month period and analysed using a new method, developed as part of this project, for genotyping Cryptosporidium. Early results showed the presence of Cryptosporidium, but following a refinement in the method no human infectious Cryptosporidium was detected. The results give some confidence that having protected watersheds is an effective barrier against pathogen contamination. They do not, however, imply that continued monitoring and management of the deer should cease. To maintain compliance with the Water Safety Plans, continual validation of barrier effectiveness is required.


Subject(s)
Cryptosporidiosis/veterinary , Cryptosporidium/isolation & purification , Deer/physiology , Feces/parasitology , Water/parasitology , Animals , Cryptosporidiosis/prevention & control , Cryptosporidiosis/transmission , Cryptosporidium/genetics , Humans , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Public Health , Safety , Water Supply/standards
5.
Water Sci Technol ; 50(1): 205-10, 2004.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15318510

ABSTRACT

The supply of unfiltered disinfected drinking water from Melbourne's fully protected catchments means that the water-quality managers must ensure that the source water poses no public health risk. High turbidity is currently used as a surrogate of pathogens, and harvesting of water is based on its measurement. The work presented here summarises suspended particle and associated pathogen, microbial indicator and faecal biomarker concentrations collected to (a) quantify turbidity in an Australian water supply system and (b) assess the possibility of increasing water harvesting from selected tributaries. Pathogens and microbial indicators were present in low numbers in these source waters; increased turbidity during storm events was not associated with an increase in pathogen concentration. The results confirmed that protected catchments, along with good management, were effective barriers to pathogen contamination. Aesthetic issues still need to be addressed, but no measurable increase in microbiological risk was associated with storm-generated particles.


Subject(s)
Bacteria/isolation & purification , Public Health , Water Supply/standards , Biomarkers/analysis , Particle Size , Risk Assessment , South Australia
6.
AJR Am J Roentgenol ; 176(2): 507-10, 2001 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11159105

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of knowing chronologic age on the variability of pediatric bone age determination using the method of Greulich and Pyle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiographs of the left hand of 107 patients were interpreted by four radiologists on two separate occasions, once with and once without knowledge of the patient's chronologic age at time of interpretation. Twenty-five radiographs were randomly selected and reevaluated twice by each radiologist. Interobserver and intraobserver variability were calculated and compared for the two conditions. The distribution of studies with normal and abnormal findings was then compared across knowledge conditions for all observers and by individual observer, using two standard deviations above and below chronologic age as the range of "normal". RESULTS: When the chronologic age was known, the interobserver reliability coefficient for knowledge of chronologic age was 0.954 and when not known, 0.952. The intraobserver reliability coefficients when chronologic age was known ranged from 0.944 to 0.967, and when not known from 0.938 to 0.980. Observers interpreted 58% (248/428) of the radiographs as having normal findings when chronologic age was known and 48% (205/428) when chronologic age was not known. CONCLUSION: Knowing chronologic age before assessing bone age radiographs does not affect the reproducibility of assessment. However, observers are more likely to interpret the radiograph as showing normal findings when chronologic age is known than if the interpretation is performed with the observer unaware of chronologic age.


Subject(s)
Age Determination by Skeleton/methods , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Competence , Female , Humans , Male , Observer Variation
7.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med ; 160(6): 1897-904, 1999 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10588603

ABSTRACT

Particulate matter (PM) air pollution may increase symptom severity in allergic asthmatics. To examine possible interaction, or greater than additive responses, between PM effects and allergic responses, an ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged (OVA) mouse model of allergic airways disease was utilized. After challenge, mice were intratracheally instilled with saline vehicle or 3 mg/kg (approximately 60 microg) residual oil fly ash (ROFA), a transition metal-rich emission source PM sample. Physiological and inflammatory responses were examined 1, 3, 8, and 15 d later. In response to intravenously administered methacholine, ROFA increased total respiratory system resistance and decreased compliance 1 d after exposure, whereas effects of OVA lasted at least 15 d after exposure. Significant interactions between OVA and ROFA were mainly observed 8 d after challenge and exposure, especially with respect to compliance. A strong interaction (p < 0.01) between OVA and ROFA exposure resulted in 8-fold (1 d) and 3-fold (3 d) increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid eosinophil numbers. A similarly strong interaction (8-fold) was observed in BAL fluid interleukin-4 (IL-4) 1 d after challenge and exposure. Significant though less strong interactions were also found with respect to IL-4 and IL-5 by 3 d postchallenge/exposure. This study shows that allergen challenge and exposure to emission source particulate matter containing relatively high levels of transitions metals can interact to increase Th2 cytokine production, eosinophil recruitment, and airway hyperresponsiveness in previously sensitized mice.


Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , Carbon/toxicity , Cytokines/analysis , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/physiopathology , Airway Resistance , Allergens , Animals , Bronchial Hyperreactivity/chemically induced , Bronchial Hyperreactivity/physiopathology , Bronchial Provocation Tests , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology , Coal Ash , Female , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Interleukin-4/analysis , Interleukin-5/analysis , Lung Compliance , Methacholine Chloride , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Ovalbumin/immunology , Particulate Matter , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology
8.
Radiographics ; 19(3): 655-72, 1999.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10336196

ABSTRACT

Avulsion injuries are common among participants in organized sports, especially among adolescent participants. Imaging features of both acute and chronic avulsion injuries of the pelvis, knee, ankle and foot, shoulder, and elbow were evaluated to help distinguish these injuries from more serious disease processes such as neoplasm and infection. At radiography, acute injuries (ie, those resulting from extreme, unbalanced, often eccentric muscular contractions) may be associated with avulsed bone fragments, whereas subacute injuries have an aggressive appearance that may include areas of mixed lysis and sclerosis. Chronic injuries (ie, those resulting from repetitive microtrauma or overuse) or old inactive injuries may be associated with a protuberant mass of bone and may bear a striking resemblance to a neoplastic or infectious process. Although not usually required, computed tomography is helpful in the diagnosis if radiographic findings are equivocal or if the injury is not in the acute phase. MR imaging is best suited for the evaluation of injuries to muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Recognition of characteristic imaging features and familiarity with musculotendinous anatomy will aid in accurate diagnosis of avulsion injuries.


Subject(s)
Athletic Injuries/diagnosis , Fractures, Bone/diagnosis , Joint Dislocations/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Ankle Injuries/diagnosis , Ankle Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Athletic Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Bone Neoplasms/diagnosis , Child , Chronic Disease , Cumulative Trauma Disorders/diagnosis , Cumulative Trauma Disorders/diagnostic imaging , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Foot Injuries/diagnosis , Foot Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Fractures, Bone/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Joint Dislocations/diagnostic imaging , Knee Injuries/diagnosis , Knee Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Ligaments/injuries , Male , Middle Aged , Muscle, Skeletal/injuries , Osteolysis/diagnosis , Osteolysis/diagnostic imaging , Osteosclerosis/diagnosis , Osteosclerosis/diagnostic imaging , Pelvic Bones/injuries , Shoulder Injuries , Tendon Injuries/diagnosis , Tendon Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Elbow Injuries
9.
J Am Coll Cardiol ; 33(2): 403-11, 1999 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9973020

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This study was done to test the hypothesis that a forced diuresis with maintenance of intravascular volume after contrast exposure would reduce the rate of contrast-induced renal injury. BACKGROUND: We have previously shown a graded relationship with the degree of postprocedure renal failure and the probability of in-hospital death in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Earlier studies of singular prevention strategies (atrial natriuretic factor, loop diuretics, dopamine, mannitol) have shown no clear benefit across a spectrum of patients at risk. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blind trial was conducted where 98 participants were randomized to forced diuresis with intravenous crystalloid, furosemide, mannitol (if pulmonary capillary wedge pressure <20 mm Hg), and low-dose dopamine (n = 43) versus intravenous crystalloid and matching placebos (n = 55). RESULTS: The groups were similar with respect to baseline serum creatinine (2.44+/-0.80 and 2.55+/-0.91 mg/dl), age, weight, diabetic status, left ventricular function, degree of prehydration, contrast volume and ionicity, and extent of peripheral vascular disease. The forced diuresis resulted in higher urine flow rate (163.26+/-54.47 vs. 122.57+/-54.27 ml/h) over the 24 h after contrast exposure (p = 0.001). Two participants in the experimental arm versus five in the control arm required dialysis, with all seven cases having measured flow rates <145 ml/h in the 24 h after the procedure. The mean individual change in serum creatinine at 48 h, the primary end point, was 0.48+/-0.86 versus 0.51+/-0.87, in the experimental and control arms, respectively, p = 0.87. There were no differences in the rates of renal failure across six definitions of renal failure by intent-to-treat analysis. However, in all participants combined, the rise in serum creatinine was related to the degree of induced diuresis after controlling for baseline renal function, r = -0.36, p = 0.005. The rates of renal failure in those with urine flow rates greater than 150 ml/h in the postprocedure period were significantly lower, 8/37 (21.6%) versus 28/61 (45.9%), p = 0.03. CONCLUSIONS: Forced diuresis with intravenous crystalloid, furosemide, and mannitol if hemodynamics permit, beginning at the start of angiography provides a modest benefit against contrast-induced nephropathy provided a high urine flow rate can be achieved.


Subject(s)
Contrast Media/adverse effects , Diuretics/therapeutic use , Kidney Diseases/prevention & control , Aged , Cardiotonic Agents/administration & dosage , Cardiotonic Agents/therapeutic use , Coronary Angiography , Coronary Disease/diagnostic imaging , Creatinine/blood , Crystalloid Solutions , Diuresis , Diuretics/administration & dosage , Dopamine/administration & dosage , Dopamine/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Furosemide/administration & dosage , Furosemide/therapeutic use , Humans , Isotonic Solutions , Kidney Diseases/blood , Kidney Diseases/chemically induced , Male , Mannitol/administration & dosage , Mannitol/therapeutic use , Plasma Substitutes/administration & dosage , Plasma Substitutes/therapeutic use , Prospective Studies , Pulmonary Wedge Pressure , Rehydration Solutions/administration & dosage , Rehydration Solutions/therapeutic use , Risk Factors , Single-Blind Method , Treatment Outcome
10.
Iowa Orthop J ; 19: 139-41, 1999.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10847530

ABSTRACT

A case of paraarticular soft-tissue osteoma of the hip is presented. The patient is a 30-year-old white male with a two year history of progressive left hip pain. Plain film and cross-sectional imaging in conjunction with pathologic correlation are used to make the diagnosis. The lesion lacks the typical zoning pattern of myositis ossificans, shows no direct communication with native bone, and is extraarticular in location as opposed to synovial osteochondromatosis. Soft tissue osteomas most commonly occur around the knee, the foot, and the ankle. Soft tissue osteomas are rare tumors and this case is unusual in that it occurs around the hip.


Subject(s)
Osteoma/diagnosis , Soft Tissue Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adult , Disease Progression , Femur Neck , Hip , Humans , Male , Pain/etiology
11.
Phys Med Biol ; 41(11): 2357-65, 1996 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8938031

ABSTRACT

A method of reading exposed radiochromic film is described which has significant advantages over conventional densitometry. The method employs a document scanner and associated software for imaging the film. The resulting images are easily analysed using standard software to yield high-resolution dose maps. A calibration was performed which relates scanner signal to dose, allowing for the determination of dose at any point on an exposed film. Results obtained using a broad-band densitometer are compared to those where the scanner has been used. The technique was used to measure the dose distribution around a COMS-type ophthalmic applicator.


Subject(s)
Film Dosimetry/instrumentation , X-Ray Film , Densitometry/methods , Film Dosimetry/methods , Humans , Phantoms, Imaging , Photons , Reproducibility of Results , Software , Water
12.
Fundam Appl Toxicol ; 29(1): 102-9, 1996 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8838645

ABSTRACT

Experimental measurements of ozone (O3) uptake are needed for validation of dosimetry model parameters and in predictions as well as for determining factors affecting uptake and for making comparisons between subpopulations or across species. In this study, 10 healthy adult male subjects were exposed to 0.3 ppm O3 while seated and breathing naturally through the nose or mouth. Total respiratory tract O3 uptake, spontaneous breathing parameters, and respiratory gas exchange were measured for 10 min under steady-state conditions. The exposure protocol was replicated in each subject approximately 2 weeks after the first visit. On each visit, health exams were performed and spirometric lung measurements were obtained. The experimental design provided comparisons of total O3 uptake during nasal and oral breathing, differences in uptake in an individual at two time points, and an examination of between-subject variability in O3 uptake. Exposure to O3 had no effect on the breathing parameters or gas exchange. Oral and nasal breathing frequency averaged 16.2 +/- 1.1 (SE) and 16.0 +/- 1.2 breaths per minute with tidal volumes averaging 651 +/- 46 and 669 +/- 67 ml, respectively. A significant correlation (p < 0.01) was found for the minute volume during resting breathing with the percentage of uptake. The percentage of O3 uptake was consistently higher (p = 0.02) during oral breathing (76.5% +/- 3.3) than during nasal breathing (73.1% +/- 3.0) although this difference may not be biologically significant. The variability in percentage of uptake between subjects was substantial with calculated uptakes ranging from 51 to 96%, a difference of about 45%. Variability in percentage of uptake for an individual was less with the maximal difference between the first and second visits being about 20%; the average difference, however, was only about 3%. We conclude that total percentage of O3 uptake is approximately 75% in adult males during resting breathing. It is slightly greater during oral than during nasal breathing, will vary considerably among subjects, and is moderately reproducible within a subject.


Subject(s)
Ozone/pharmacokinetics , Respiration , Administration, Inhalation , Adult , Animals , Animals, Laboratory/metabolism , Animals, Laboratory/physiology , Humans , Male , Mouth Breathing , Nose , Ozone/administration & dosage , Reference Values , Respiratory Function Tests/instrumentation , Respiratory Function Tests/standards
14.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med ; 151(5): 1512-8, 1995 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7735608

ABSTRACT

The potential for irreversible lung impairment resulting from life-long ozone (O3) exposure remains uncertain. To address this question, young adult rats (male, F-344) were exposed to a simulated urban profile of O3 for 1, 3, 13, 52, or 78 wk, after which pulmonary function tests were performed. To assess reversibility of effects, cohorts from the 13-, 52-, and 78-wk groups were evaluated, respectively, after an additional 6, 27, and 17 wk of clean air. Static and dynamic lung properties were based on measurements of lung volume apportionment, respiratory system compliance (Crs), DLCO, multibreath N2 washout, and maximum expiratory flow-volume relationships. Electrocardiography was also performed in unanesthetized, restrained rats after 52 and 78 wk, as were determinations of wet and dry lung weights, lung collagen, and associated connective tissue crosslinks. Small (< 10%) but significant reductions in TLC and RV were noted after 13, 52, and 78 wk of O3 exposure. At 13 and 52 wk, N2 washout was enhanced, though at 78 wk it was similar to control. None of these changes appeared progressive with continued O3 exposure. Post exposure to clean air did not completely reverse the reduction in TLC. Additionally, Crs, though not affected during O3 exposure, decreased during the air recovery. No O3-related changes in collagen were apparent, however. Thus, near life-long exposure of F-344 rats to a worse-case, urban profile of O3 appears to have led to a functionally restrictive, i.e. "stiffened," lung without overt fibrosis. Furthermore, certain aspects of the O3-induced effect were not fully reversible.


Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/adverse effects , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/chemically induced , Lung/physiopathology , Ozone/adverse effects , Animals , Collagen/analysis , Electrocardiography , Hydroxyproline/analysis , Lung/chemistry , Lung Compliance , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/metabolism , Lung Diseases, Obstructive/physiopathology , Male , Rats , Rats, Inbred F344 , Time Factors , Total Lung Capacity
17.
Iowa Orthop J ; 14: 81-4, 1994.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7719781

ABSTRACT

Fractures occur in athletes and dramatically influence performance during competitive and recreational activities. Fractures occur in athletes as the result of repetitive stress, acute sports-related trauma and trauma outside of athletics. The literature provides general guidelines for treatment as well as a variety of statistics on the epidemiology of fractures by sport and level of participation. Athletes are healthy and motivated patients, and have high expectations regarding their level of function. These qualities make them good surgical candidates. Although closed treatment methods are appropriate for most sports fractures, an aggressive approach to more complicated fractures employing current techniques may optimize their subsequent performance.


Subject(s)
Athletic Injuries/therapy , Fractures, Bone/classification , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Child , Fractures, Bone/therapy , Humans
19.
Fundam Appl Toxicol ; 20(1): 88-96, 1993 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8432431

ABSTRACT

To investigate the potential for up to a near-lifetime exposure to high-ambient levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to induce functional lung damage, groups of rats were exposed to air or a simulated urban profile of NO2 (0.5 ppm background, 1.5 ppm peak) for 1, 3, 13, 52, or 78 weeks. The dynamic, static, and diffusional characteristics of the lung were evaluated postexposure in anesthetized rats. Furthermore, for the 13-, 52-, and 78-week groups, additional animals were tested after a 6-, 26-, or 17-week period in filtered air, respectively. No significant NO2 differences between exposed and control animals were found for the nitrogen washout, compliance, lung volume, or diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide measurements. At 78 weeks, however, a reduction in delta FEF25%, an estimate of convexity in the later portion of the forced expiratory flow volume curve, was observed. Breathing patterns and mechanisms were also assessed postexposure in a parallel group of similarly exposed unanesthetized rats. These rats were examined during a filtered air, 4 and 8% carbon dioxide (CO2) challenge. In the unanesthetized rat, frequency of breathing was significantly decreased and tidal volume, expiratory resistance, and inspiratory and expiratory times tended to increase. For several of these variables, the largest response also occurred at 78 weeks and seemed to be exacerbated by CO2 challenge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/toxicity , Lung Diseases/chemically induced , Nitrogen Dioxide/toxicity , Animals , Electrocardiography/drug effects , Lung Diseases/physiopathology , Male , Rats , Rats, Inbred F344 , Respiratory Function Tests , Respiratory Mechanics/drug effects
20.
Am J Med Genet ; 44(1): 18-23, 1992 Sep 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1519644

ABSTRACT

Deletion of 7p results in a wide spectrum of congenital abnormalities and minor facial and hand anomalies, often including craniosynostosis. We report on the oldest recognized patient with this disorder, a 24-year-old woman with an interstitial deletion from p15.3-p21.2 or p21.3. The manifestations in this patient are milder than those of previously described patients, and include borderline mental retardation, short stature, minor facial anomalies, and several skeletal changes. The absence of craniosynostosis in this patient is noteworthy, given previous suggestions that there is a specific locus for this finding in the 7p region. Twelve cases of 7p deletion, in which the missing segment overlaps that of the current case, are reviewed. This case delineates a broader spectrum for patients with 7p deletion syndrome.


Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics , Chromosome Deletion , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Chromosome Banding , Chromosome Mapping , Craniosynostoses/genetics , Female , Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics , Humans , Intellectual Disability/genetics , Karyotyping , Male , Syndrome
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