Interviewing young children about body touch and handling.

Children aged 3-6 years were interviewed following a scheduled pediatric clinic visit to assess the efficacy of two independent variables--interview strategy and number of interviews--on the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of children's reports. Four experimental interviews were created--a verbal interview and three interviews enhanced with anatomically detailed cues (dolls, line drawings, and computer graphics), photographs, and props. Initially, 130 children were interviewed after the clinic event. One month later, 124 were interviewed again, and 74 were interviewed a third time after 6 months. Children's reports were compared to videotapes and medical records of their pediatric visit in order to create three dependent reporting variables--accuracy, completeness, and consistency. In addition, the predictive power of four sets of covariates on reporting was assessed: (1) age and gender, (2) ethnicity, medical history, family stress, and mother's education; (3) number of invasive medical procedures, number of body touches, health status, and child's pain judgments; and (4) number of outpatient and inpatient visits between the initial and the follow-up interviews at 1 and 6 months. Initially, children's spontaneous reports of body touch were highly accurate, but sparse. After a 1-month delay, accuracy and completeness dropped significantly: accuracy was stable from 1 to 6 months; completeness rebounded at 6 months. Three-year-olds' reports of body touch were less complete and less consistent, but rarely less accurate, than those of older age groups. After 1- and 6-month delays, consistently reported information was more accurate than new information. Children's pain ratings contributed positively to predictions of completeness at the initial and 1-month interviews and to completeness and accuracy at 6 months. Complex events were reported more accurately but less consistently. Anatomically detailed cues in the three enhanced interviews increased completeness of reporting of total body and genital touch. Photos elicited more useful information for identification of persons and places than did questions, while medical props initially offered no advantage and subsequently led to errors. Children's feelings also influenced reporting: higher ratings of anger, sadness, and fright were positively related to reporting of extremely painful touch, while some children who failed to report painful, invasive medical procedures displayed shame when interviewed. The relative privacy of the computer-assisted interview holds promise for disclosure of sexual topics.

Children's anticipation of and response to colposcopic examination.

Just prior to and following general physical and colposcopic anogenital exams, 43 mothers and daughters (3-15 years), referred because of allegations of sexual abuse, were interviewed separately to determine their knowledge of and feelings about the exam. Children were not retraumatized by the examination of their anogenital anatomy. Although poorly prepared for it, children reported medical staff touch to their genitals, anus, and buttocks at a higher rate than touch to all other body locations, 84.5% versus 16%, but did not rate that touch as more painful. Children were significantly less distressed after the exam; mothers were not.

Adolescent women's developing identity: A study of self-definition in the context of family relationships.

This study generated adolescent women's perception of their identity in relation to family members spanning three generations and related these perceived relationships to their sex-role orientation. Subjects were 20 firstborn university women from intact families. The methodology used multiple sources of information, including open-ended interviewing procedures, rating scales, and standard research measures of sex-role identity. Significantly more constructs empirically differentiated family by generation than by sex. Congruence of young women with both the parent and grandparent generation, relative number of masculine stereotypes produced, and personality traits of males and females were significantly influenced by the presence of a brother in the sibling generation. There was no relationship between family constellation and sex-role orientation. Feminine women were significantly more congruent with other females in their family than androgynous women. There was a linear trend for androgynous women to be increasingly individuated across the generations.