ABSTRACT
Several methods of ascertaining and classifying childhood neoplasms for epidemiological study have been evaluated using material from the University of Manchester Children's Tumour Registry (CTR), which includes data from several sources on children with neoplasms first seen in the period 1954-73 who were under 15 years old and living in the Manchester Regional Hospital Board area at the time. Two systems of classification-the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Morphology Section of the Manual of Tumor Nomenclature and Coding (MOTNAC; Percy, Berg and Thomas, 1968)-were tested. No major problems arose with the Morphology Section of MOTNAC, and we recommend that the revised version of this section, in the proposed "International Classification of Diseases for Oncology", should be used in epidemiological reports on children's tumours whenever possible. The ICD discriminates less well between the commoner types of childhood neoplasms, but must be retained as a supplementary classification to facilitate international comparisons. A comparison of the completeness of ascertainment achieved in recent years by each source of data showed that more than 98% of the serious cases (neoplasms that were malignant and/or lay within the craniovertebral canal) could have been identified using a combination of Hospital Activity Analysis (HAA) and cancer registration records, and more than 95% using HAA and death records. But in an analysis of 2 years' HAA returns and 6 years' cancer registrations of serious cases, nearly one quarter of the former and one fifth of the latter were shown to record diagnoses which differed from those finally assigned at the CTR. It is concluded that, in epedimiological studies based on routine records, the diagnoses given should always be checked centrally, by experts, in the light of all the available clinical and pathological material (including histological preparations).
Subject(s)
Neoplasms/classification , Adolescent , Child , Humans , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms/epidemiology , RegistriesABSTRACT
Extracts were made from Walker 256 carcinoma, spontaneous rat mammary adenocarcinoma, Wilms' tumour, human neuroblastoma and human haemangioma. Chromatography of the extracts on Sephadex G-100 yielded four fractions, A, B, C and D. Injection of fractions B and C resulted in the growth of new capillaries in the subcutaneous fascia or rats. Controls, e.g. similar extracts of rat liver or human kidney, did not induce neovascularisation. The endothelium of newly-formed blood vessels contained many mitotic figures. A limitation of this method is that it is qualitative only. In order to develop a quantitative in vitro assay for a tumour angiogenesis factor (TAF), short-term primary cultures were initiated from adult rat brain white matter, as cells from such cultures were shown to be vascular in origin. Addition of fractions containing TAF (B and C) which were active in vivo failed to stimulate thymidine uptake by the cells. The possible reasons for this failure and the therapeutic potential of TAF in cancer control are discussed.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/analysis , Angiogenesis Inducing Agents , Carcinoma 256, Walker/analysis , Growth Substances , Hemangioma/analysis , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/analysis , Neuroblastoma/analysis , Wilms Tumor/analysis , Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/analysis , Animals , Biological Assay , Brain Neoplasms/analysis , Cells, Cultured , Chromatography, Gel , Female , Growth Substances/analysis , Hot Temperature , Humans , Kidney Neoplasms/analysis , Lung Neoplasms/analysis , Rats , Skin Neoplasms/analysisSubject(s)
Dura Mater/pathology , Spinal Neoplasms/pathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Culture Techniques , Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Lymphocytes , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/diagnosis , Male , Methods , Mitosis , Neuroblastoma/diagnosis , Spinal Neoplasms/diagnosisSubject(s)
Culture Techniques , Neoplasms , Autoradiography , Child , Culture Media , Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic , Freezing , Glioma , Histocytochemistry , Humans , Kidney Neoplasms , Microscopy, Electron , Neoplasms/enzymology , Neoplasms/metabolism , Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue , Nitrogen , Sarcoma , Thymidine/metabolism , Tissue Preservation , TritiumSubject(s)
Leukemia, Lymphoid/epidemiology , Leukemia/epidemiology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , United KingdomSubject(s)
Growth Substances/pharmacology , Skin/growth & development , Adenocarcinoma , Animals , Breast/drug effects , Breast Neoplasms , Culture Techniques , Female , Fluoresceins , Humans , Immune Sera , Immunodiffusion , Immunoelectrophoresis , Kidney/drug effects , Mice , Neuroblastoma , Rats , Thiocyanates , Wilms TumorSubject(s)
Antilymphocyte Serum , Astrocytoma/immunology , Brain Neoplasms/immunology , Ependymoma/immunology , Immunity, Cellular , Lymphocytes/immunology , Medulloblastoma/immunology , Antibody Formation , Antigen-Antibody Complex , Antigen-Antibody Reactions , Cell Survival , Cells, Cultured , Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic , Hemangioma/immunology , Hodgkin Disease/immunology , Humans , Kidney Neoplasms/immunology , Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology , Melanoma/immunology , Mesenchymoma/immunology , Neuroblastoma/immunology , Osteosarcoma/immunology , Sarcoma, Ewing/immunology , Wilms Tumor/immunologySubject(s)
Down Syndrome/complications , Leukemia/etiology , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , HumansABSTRACT
Following a recent report that neoplasia of the lymphatic and haematopoietic tissues is commoner than average in children whose mothers have had influenza in pregnancy, the incidence of neoplasms in 1954-68 in children of the Manchester Hospital Region was examined in relation to date of birth. There were no significant differences between cohorts born in different quinquennia. Incidence among children born after six influenza epidemics in 1951-68 was no higher than among other children born in these years. It is concluded that if there is an association between maternal influenza and childhood neoplasia it is probably due to factors such as immunological deficiencies which may predispose independently to both conditions.