Determination of baseline values for routine ophthalmic tests in bearded capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus).

BACKGROUND: Establish baseline values for ophthalmic diagnostic tests in Sapajus libidinosus. METHODS: Ophthalmic diagnostic tests, namely Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1), intraocular pressure (IOP), B-mode ultrasound, culture of the bacterial conjunctival microbiota, and conjunctival exfoliative cytology, were performed in 15 S. libidinosus. RESULTS: Mean values found were as follows: 2.50 ± 2.94 mm/min for the STT-1; 13.3 ± 3.32 mm Hg for the IOP; 2.47 ± 0.41 mm for the depth of the anterior chamber; 2.86 ± 0.96 mm for the axial length of the lens; 10.97 ± 0.48 mm for the depth of the vitreous chamber; and 16.32 ± 1.24 mm for the axial length of the eyeball. The bacterial genus most frequently found was Staphylococcus spp. Conjunctival cytology showed intermediate epithelial, squamous superficial epithelial, and keratinized cells. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of baseline values for eye measurements and ophthalmic tests will assist in the diagnosis of eye diseases in S. libidinosus monkeys.

VP6 gene diversity in 11 Brazilian strains of porcine group C rotavirus.

Porcine group C rotavirus (RVC) is recognised as an enteric pathogen in piglets worldwide. The VP6 gene of RVC is divided into seven I-genotypes. Genotypes I2 and I3 are found in human and bovine strains, respectively; the porcine strains are divided into the other five genotypes (I1, I4-I7). In this study, molecular analysis of nearly the full length of the VP6 gene was performed in 11 Brazilian wild-type porcine RVC strains identified in diarrhoeic faecal samples, which were collected from eight pig farms located in five Brazilian states from piglets of 1-4 weeks of age. The nucleotide sequences of the VP6 gene showed 82.9-100 % identity between the Brazilian strains, 84.9-93.1 % with the prototype Cowden strain, and 82.4-92.2 % with other porcine RVC strains. In the 11 diarrhoeic faecal samples analysed in this study, three distinct porcine RVC genotypes (I1, I5, and I6) were identified and none were predominant. The results presented in this study revealed a high nucleotide diversity of the VP6 gene in porcine RVC field strains circulating in Brazil, which highlights the importance of further epidemiological and molecular surveys worldwide.

Bovine coronavirus detection in a collection of diarrheic stool samples positive for group a bovine rotavirus

Neonatal diarrhea is an important cause of economic losses for cattle farmers. The main viral etiologies of enteric diseases are group A rotaviruses (GARV) and the bovine coronavirus (BCoV). Although both viruses infect calves of the same age, the occurrence of mixed infections is still under studied. The present study describes the co-infection of BCoV and GARV in stool samples. Forty-four diarrheic fecal samples from calves up to 60 days old that had previously tested positive for GARV by SS-PAGE were analyzed using semi-nested PCR for BCoV. A product with 251 bp of the BCoV nucleoprotein gene was amplified in 15.9 percent (7/44) of the samples, demonstrating that co-infection is not an unusual event. These results reinforce the need for testing for both GARV and BCoV, even in fecal samples that previously tested positive for one virus.

A diarreia neonatal é uma importante causa de perdas econômicas para a criação de bovinos. Os principais agentes etiológicos virais das doenças entéricas são o rotavírus bovino grupo A (GARV) e o coronavírus bovino (BCoV). Embora ambos os vírus infectem bezerros na mesma faixa etária, infecções mistas ainda são pouco estudadas. O presente trabalho descreve a identificação do BCoV em amostras de fezes positivas para o GARV, caracterizando a ocorrência de infecções mistas. Quarenta e quatro amostras de fezes diarreicas de bezerros com até 60 dias de idade, previamente identificadas como positivas para o GARV bovino por meio da técnica de SS-PAGE, foram avaliadas quanto a presença do BCoV pela técnica de semi-nested PCR. Um produto com 251 pb do gene da nucleoproteína do BCoV foi amplificado em 15,9 por cento (7/44) das amostras de fezes demonstrando que a co-infecção não é um evento raro. Esse resultado enfatizada a importância da realização simultânea do diagnóstico para esses dois importantes vírus entéricos de bezerros em surtos de diarreia neonatal tanto em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros quanto de corte.

Isolation in HRT-18 cells and molecular analysis of a BCoV strain from diarrheic feces of naturally infected calves

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) may cause acute diarrhea in newborn calves, leading to significant economic losses for cattle farmers. There are several diagnostic techniques used to detect BCoV in calf fecal samples, but virus isolation still has advantages for antigenic and genomic characterization. This study describes the isolation in HRT-18 cells and molecular characterization of Brazilian BCoV wild-type strains. Three fecal samples from diarrheic 30 day-old calves were inoculated in HRT-18 cell monolayers, which were then evaluated for HA titers and tested using semi-nested PCR followed by RFLP and sequencing. Two samples were successfully isolated and presented HA titers of 16 and 32 units per 25 mL. The results were confirmed using semi-nested PCR and RFLP. Molecular analyses identified a cell culture-adapted strain and a wild-type strain that were genetically similar (99 percent) to each other, but more distinct than BCoV strains circulating in other countries, even in the conserved N gene.

O coronavírus bovino (BCoV) pode causar diarreia aguda em bezerros recém-nascidos, ocasionando consideráveis perdas econômicas para a pecuária bovina. Várias técnicas de diagnóstico podem ser empregadas na detecção do BCoV a partir de amostras fecais de bezerros. Porém, o isolamento do BCoV em cultivo celular apresenta a vantagem de possibilitar a caracterização antigênica e molecular da estirpe viral. O presente estudo descreve o isolamento em células HRT-18, e a caracterização molecular de estirpes brasileiras do BCoV. Três amostras de fezes diarreicas de bezerros com 30 dias de idade foram inoculadas em culturas de células HRT-18. Os isolados foram avaliados por hemaglutinação (HA) e por uma semi-nested PCR seguida de RFLP e sequenciamento. Duas amostras foram isoladas e a confirmação foi verificada na semi-nested PCR e também RFLP. Na HA os títulos foram de 16 e 32 unidades por 25 mL. Análises moleculares identificam a estirpe adaptada em cultura celular e uma estirpe selvagem, como estirpes de BCoV semelhantes (99 por cento) entre si, mas distintas das circulantes em outros países, mesmo em um gene de uma proteína conservada (gene N).