ABSTRACT
Olanzapine is one of the atypical antipsychotics widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia and has been associated with metabolic changes as adverse effects, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and weight gain. In a batch of adult female Wistar rats, we studied the prolonged-release intramuscular olanzapine pamoate induced quantitative changes of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. We also assessed the effects of the combinations of olanzapine pamoate with melatonin, metformin, and melatonin plus metformin, administered by gastric gavage. A higher mean weight of the visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue per animal was noted in the olanzapine pamoate exposed group compared to controls. The association with melatonin, metformin, or the combination of melatonin with metformin attenuated the olanzapine-induced adipose deposit tissue growth. The effect was more pronounced for the combination of olanzapine with melatonin and metformin. Because most of the results were not statistically significant we can deduce that in the chronic experiment, adaptive type modifications of the receptors on which both olanzapine and melatonin act can occur.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Calculating the exact nutritional balance especially for the premature infant has always been a challenge for the daily practice of the clinician. PURPOSE: we intend to establish a simplified formula and mathematical algorithms to calculate the necessary amino acids and proteins for the nutrition of the premature newborn, covering most of the international recommendations and also to give to the neonatal intensive care physician the opportunity of their rapid customization for each case. METHODS: following an extensive literature revision we have established the protein intake recommendations, indications and contraindications for enteral and parenteral nutrition in premature infants, by age of gestation, birth weight and postnatal age. Then, these recommendations were translated into simplified mathematical equations and we have proceeded to develop logical algorithms to enable the rapid choice of the best equation that fits each individual case with all its peculiarities, at a defined time. RESULTS: for all three premature categories, we have identified intervals for enteral and parenteral nutrition, which were translated into mathematical formulas and management regulations and then transposed into logic algorithms. CONCLUSIONS: although mathematically one can use a simplified calculation, for a rapid appreciation, the clinician is still required to go through these algorithms daily and sometimes several times a day. Moreover, to optimize protein intake, we have to calculate the protein / energy ratio and the non-protein calories / gram of protein ratio. This involves extending the calculation for the carbohydrates, fats and calories-practically the entire nutrition.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The nutritional balance between the nutritional requirements of the organism and the intake is a very delicate thing to adjust especially when it comes to the premature new-born in whom often the oral feeding is very challenging and the need for parenteral feeding is very pressing. PURPOSE: The goal of this article is to present a simple method of calculation for the amino acid parenteral intake in preterm infants using the Excel spreadsheet platform as a platform. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Using Excel commands, we translate the algorithms for the protein requirements calculation into an electronic format. This will allow the creation of a template that quickly identifies the need for proteins according to the clinical and evolutional features of the premature new-born, significantly reducing the duration of the calculation. RESULTS: This method is easy to perform, simple and efficient. The calculation template has significantly reduced the errors and the actual working time with the algorithms. These effects are very obvious in intensive care units that take care of a large number of premature babies. CONCLUSIONS: Computerized calculation allows a decrease in calculation errors and also reduces the time actually allocated for the calculation, especially for the very complicated algorithms. Following this template in Excel, we can create separate modules for the algorithms necessary to calculate the needs for the intake of liquids, calories, lipids, and minerals.
