ABSTRACT
Monitoring of plant protection product (PPP) residues in "Golden Delicious" apples was performed in 2011-2013, where 216 active substances were analysed with three analytical methods. Integrated pest management (IPM) production and improved IPM production were compared. Results were in favour of improved IPM production. Some active compounds determined in IPM production (boscalid, pyraclostrobin, thiacloprid and thiametoxam) were not found in improved IPM production. Besides that, in 2011 and 2012, captan residues were lower in improved IPM production. Risk assessment was also performed. Chronic exposure of consumers was low in general, but showed no major differences for IPM and improved IPM production for active substances determined in both types of production. Analytical results were compared with the European Union report of 2010 where 1.3% of apple samples exceeded maximum residue levels (MRLs), while MRL exceedances were not observed in this survey.
Subject(s)
Crops, Agricultural/chemistry , Food Contamination/prevention & control , Fruit/chemistry , Malus/chemistry , Pest Control/methods , Pesticide Residues/analysis , Acaricides/analysis , Acaricides/toxicity , Biphenyl Compounds/analysis , Biphenyl Compounds/toxicity , Carbamates/analysis , Carbamates/toxicity , Crops, Agricultural/microbiology , Crops, Agricultural/parasitology , Crops, Agricultural/standards , Crosses, Genetic , European Union , Food Quality , Fruit/microbiology , Fruit/parasitology , Fruit/standards , Fungicides, Industrial/analysis , Fungicides, Industrial/toxicity , Guidelines as Topic , Humans , Insecticides/analysis , Insecticides/toxicity , Malus/microbiology , Malus/parasitology , Neonicotinoids , Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives , Niacinamide/analysis , Niacinamide/toxicity , Nitro Compounds/analysis , Nitro Compounds/toxicity , Oxazines/analysis , Oxazines/toxicity , Pesticide Residues/standards , Pesticide Residues/toxicity , Pyrazoles/analysis , Pyrazoles/toxicity , Pyridines/analysis , Pyridines/toxicity , Risk Assessment , Slovenia , Strobilurins , Thiamethoxam , Thiazines/analysis , Thiazines/toxicity , Thiazoles/analysis , Thiazoles/toxicityABSTRACT
Cytogenetic analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were applied to characterize the Y-chromosomal breakpoints of three XX male patients. Two of these patients show a breakpoint within a protein kinase gene, PRKY, previously described as a hotspot of ectopic recombination between homologous regions on X and Y chromosomes during male meiosis. The slightly different clinical phenotypes of the three patients cannot be correlated with the localization of the breakpoints.
Subject(s)
Turner Syndrome/genetics , Y Chromosome/genetics , Adult , Child , Chorionic Gonadotropin , Cytogenetics , DNA/genetics , Gonadal Steroid Hormones/blood , Humans , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Infant , Karyotyping , Male , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Y Chromosome/ultrastructureABSTRACT
Effects of surface multichannel electrical stimulation of the leg muscles during gait were evaluated by a clinical kinesiological analysis of gait and measurements of average step length, gait velocity, ground reaction forces, and joint angles. Direct effects in 11 stimulated motor disabled patients showed 56% improvement at the kinesiological gait analysis during the stimulation. Long term effects of the multichannel therapy were compared in a threeyear control study with a group of ten nonstimulated patients. At the kinesiological analysis, the stimulated group improved 1.75 times better after 2.5 months of the treatment. The other measurements revealed higher and faster improvement at the stimulated group with a partial decrease of the therapeutic effects after a longer period without treatment. Orthotic multichannel stimulation was indicated after the multichannel therapy in the clinical environment, where the stimulation of proximal leg muscles was favored.