ABSTRACT
A new generation of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer enables the simultaneous determination of several trace elements. Using an optimized temperature-time-program for ashing and atomization, the Smith-Hieftje background correction and a matrix modifier, the determination of Pb, Cd and Ni in one run is possible. The detection limits of the new method of 0,039 mg Pb, 0,006 mg Cd and 0,022 mg Ni per kg sample, permit the determination of these elements in soils, foodstuffs and human food. These detection limits comply with the guidelines of the "Zentrale Erfassungs- und Bewertungsstelle für Umweltchemikalien" (central registration- and assessment office for environmental chemicals) of the "Bundesgesundheitsamt" (german public health department). The new multielement method reduces measurement time and costs, i.e. graphite tubes, gas, matrix modifier, reference material and sample solution, in comparison to conventional single-element GF-AAS.
Subject(s)
Food Analysis/methods , Metals/analysis , Cadmium/analysis , Calibration , Lead/analysis , Nickel/analysis , Reference Standards , Soil/analysis , Spectrophotometry, Atomic , TemperatureABSTRACT
Benzo(a)pyren (BaP) was analysed in 218 samples of grass, hay, straw, grains, lettuce, curly kale and apples by means of thin-layer chromatography und analysing other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by capillary gas chromatography and mass-spectrometry. Despite the fact that normally BaP concentrations were relatively low, up to 13.5 micrograms BaP per kg hay (dry matter) and 19.3 micrograms BaP per kg lettuce (dry matter) could be detected at some places.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed/analysis , Food Contamination/analysis , Fruit/chemistry , Vegetables/chemistry , Chromatography, Gas , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Mass Spectrometry , Polycyclic Compounds/analysis , Spectrometry, FluorescenceABSTRACT
Carbohydrates are determined in food from animals as result of contamination. Therefore they are a risk for the consumer and may impair the quality of the products. There are differences in the pattern of residues between the groups of carbohydrates. Especially the saturated carbohydrates indicate heavy differences. Aromatic carbohydrates have an equalized level. These relationships are examined by tests with n-alkane-yeasts-feeding of pigs.
Subject(s)
Animals, Domestic/metabolism , Drug Residues/analysis , Food Contamination/analysis , Hydrocarbons/analysis , Swine/metabolism , Animals , MeatABSTRACT
In 3 test groups (11 pigs in each group) rations with identical fatty acid patterns (except C 17 acids) at high, medium and low-energy levels of the rations were fed. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of liver, heart and brain was analyzed at the end of the experiments. A correlation was found to exist between energy and fatty acid intake and the fatty acid spectrum of the organ lipids. With identical intake of odd-numbered fatty acids, an energy-rich diet leads to a reduction of odd-numbered fatty acids in the heart and liver lipids. A reduced energy concentration causes an increase of odd-numbered fatty acids in liver and heart. Under energy-rich and energy-reduced feeding, C 15 and C 19 acids can be traced in the hepatic lipids. In liver, heart and brain, an energy-rich diet results in increased contents of eicosapentaene and eicosahexaene acid. Under low-energy diet, a reduction of these fatty acids can be found in the brain.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Dietary Fats/metabolism , Fatty Acids/analysis , Lipids/analysis , Swine/metabolism , Animals , Brain Chemistry , Energy Intake , Female , Liver/analysis , Male , Myocardium/analysisABSTRACT
In 3 test groups (11 pigs in each group), rations with an identical fatty acid pattern of the fat in the fodder (except C 17 acids) with a high energy level (energy concentrations = 131%), medium energy level (energy concentrations = 100%) and low energy level (energy concentrations 90 or 82%, resp.) were used. In the course of the investigation the fatty acid spectrum was studied by analyzing spinal fat biopsy specimen. An interrelation was found to exist between the energy supply and the fatty acid spectrum in the depot fat. When identical quantities of heptadecenoic and heptadecanoic acids were added to the fodder, a high energy level resulted in a reduced C17 acid content in the spinal fat, whereas a low energy level led to an increased C17 acid content in the spinal fat. Different energy concentrations caused a change in the contents of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid in the spinal fat. With changed energy concentrations, the C16 and C18 acid content showed variations compared with the group given standard fodder. The myristin acid content showed almost no change.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/analysis , Animal Feed , Energy Intake , Fatty Acids/analysis , Swine/metabolism , Animals , Body Weight , Female , Male , Yeasts/metabolismABSTRACT
Two tests have been undertaken to investigate the influence of feeding microbial biomasses to pigs. No alterations of the fat parameters characterizing the fat stability were observed. All the values obtained are in a normal range. Increases in heptadecenic acid were detected dependent on the content of microbial biomasses in the feed and its fat content. The alterations are mainly in a normal range or slightly beyond it. In nature odd-numbered fatty acids are ubiquitous. Uptake and storage suggest that the organism reacts to an increased offer of C17-fatty acids with an accelerated decomposition of these fatty acids or/and with inhibition of their endogenous synthesis. The results are discussed in comparison with those of literature.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Animal Feed , Yeast, Dried/pharmacology , Adipose Tissue/drug effects , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , Fats/analysis , Fatty Acids/metabolism , SwineABSTRACT
A study has been undertaken to investigate the influence of fermosin on the depot-fat composition of broilers and the oxidative stability of these fats in parallel with test animals fed yeast conventional produced on carbohydrate base. The data obtained are discussed with reference to literature.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Fats/metabolism , Yeast, Dried/pharmacology , Adipose Tissue/drug effects , Animals , Body Composition , Chickens , Fatty Acids/analysis , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Oxidation-Reduction , Yeast, Dried/analysisSubject(s)
Intestine, Large/metabolism , Urea/metabolism , Ammonia/analysis , Animals , Cattle , Feces/analysis , Gastrointestinal Contents/analysis , Hydrolysis , Kinetics , Male , Nitrogen IsotopesABSTRACT
The experiments were carried out on 3 bulls (body weight: 172, 229 and 193 kg), equipped with ileo-caecal cannulas and with catheters in the jugular veins on both sides. The offered pelleted ration consisted of straw 73%, molasses 12%, cereals 10%, ammonium hydrogen carbonate 3% and urea 2%. Feed intake amounted to about 3 kg per animal and day. During a preliminary period of 5 days 50% of ileal digesta were collected for 12 hours daily, deep-freezed and stored. In the main experiment 15N-urea was infused intravenously for 24 hours. During this period and during the following 6 hours ileal digesta were collected and replaced by precollected, unlabelled digesta. The urea metabolism was estimated by the 15N-labelling of blood urea, by the 15N-excretion via faeces and urea, by the appearance of 15N in ileal digesta and by the 15N-labelling of faecal NAN, NH3 and bacterial fraction. The time course of the 15N-labelling of plasma urea during infusion can be described by an exponential function. The urea flux rate was estimated from the calculated plateau value. The flux rate for the 3 animals was 28.8, 30.7 and 34.8 mumol per minute per kg0.75, respectively. During the infusion of 15N-urea 1.0-2.4% of the infused amount of 15N' appeared in ileal digesta, half of it in the TCA precipitable fraction. At the same time the 15N-labelling of faecal NH3 increased sharply, however, the 15N-labelling of the faecal bacterial fraction was smaller by one order of magnitude. Deficiency of fermentable substrates and problems of inhomogenity of the NH3 pool are supposed as reasons for this result. 30 to 50% of the urea flux entered the digestive tract, the direct entry of urea into the large intestine seems to be only very low.
Subject(s)
Cattle/metabolism , Intestinal Absorption , Nitrogen/blood , Urea/blood , Animal Feed , Animals , Blood Urea Nitrogen , Infusions, Parenteral , Intestine, Large/metabolism , MaleABSTRACT
XAX-M preparations with their main component ETDQ (1,1-Bis-(2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinol-6-yl)-ethane) are used as antioxidizing agents for stabilization of mixed feeds. Identification and determination of XAX-M in fats and fatty tissues of slaughter animals succeed after an improved selective concentration of ETDQ already with much lower contents then by the procedures known up to now. Preliminary investigations of the occurrence of XAX-M-residues in human fatty tissues yielded negative results with an inferior detection limit of 0.005 mg/kg.
