Invasive Trichosporon infection in solid organ transplant patients: a report of two cases identified using IGS1 ribosomal DNA sequencing and a review of the literature.

Trichosporon species are rare etiologic agents of invasive fungal infection in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. We report 2 well-documented cases of Trichosporon inkin invasive infection in SOT patients. We also conducted a detailed literature review of Trichosporon species infections in this susceptible population. We gathered a total of 13 cases of Trichosporon species infections. Any type of organ transplantation can be complicated by Trichosporon infection. Bloodstream infections and disseminated infections were the most common clinical presentations. Liver recipients with bloodstream or disseminated infections had poor prognoses. Although the most common species was formerly called Trichosporon beigelii, this species name should no longer be used because of the changes in the taxonomy of this genus resulting from the advent of molecular approaches, which were also used to identify the strains isolated from our patients. Antifungal susceptibility testing highlights the possibility of multidrug resistance. Indeed, Trichosporon has to be considered in cases of breakthrough infection or treatment failure under echinocandins or amphotericin therapy. Voriconazole seems to be the best treatment option.

Nosocomial outbreak of Pantoea agglomerans bacteraemia associated with contaminated anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution: new name, old bug?

We describe an outbreak investigation of Pantoea agglomerans bacteraemia associated with anticoagulant citrate-dextrose 46% (ACD) solution prepared in-house. A healthy man presented with septic shock during plasmapheresis for granulocyte donation. The solution used for priming and blood samples were sent for culture. Identification of the isolate to species level was performed by gyrB sequencing. Typing was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In total, eight cases were identified during a three-week period. P. agglomerans was also cultured from six ACD solution bags. Isolates from patients and ACD bags were identical by PFGE. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, cephazolin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, cefepime and imipenem.

Mycobacterium chelonae valve endocarditis resulting from contaminated biological prostheses.

OBJECTIVES: A rapid-growing mycobacteria biological prosthetic valve (BPV) endocarditis related to prosthetic manufacturing process is described in Brazil. METHODS: From 1999 to 2008, thirty-nine patients underwent BPV replacement due to culture-negative suspected endocarditis. All these cases had histological sections stained by Ziehl-Neelsen method. Clinical and microbiological data were reviewed in all acid-fast bacilli (AFB) positive cases. The 16S-23S internal transcribed sequence (ITS) was amplified using DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded samples, digested with restrictions enzymes and/or sequenced. RESULTS: Eighteen AFB positive BPV (18/39)(46%) were implanted in 13 patients and were from the same manufacturer. Four of them were implanted in other hospitals. Thirteen BPV were histologically proven endocarditis and five showed a colonization pattern. The examination of six non-implanted "sterile" BPV from this manufacturer resulted in 5 AFB positive. Mycobacterium chelonae was the AFB identified by ITS restriction analysis and sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid-growing mycobacteria infections must be suspected and Ziehl-Neelsen stain always performed on histology of either early or late BPV endocarditis, particularly when blood cultures are negative.

Impact of cytomegalovirus infection in lung transplant patients under universal prophylaxis: single-center experience in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, a common complication in lung transplant (LT) patients, is associated with worse outcomes. Therefore, prophylaxis and surveillance with preemptive treatment is recommended. OBJECTIVES: Describe the epidemiology and impact on mortality of CMV infection in LT patients receiving CMV prophylaxis. METHODS: Single-center retrospective cohort of LT recipients from August 2003 to March 2008. We excluded patients with survival or follow-up shorter than 30 days. We reviewed medical charts and all CMV pp65 antigen results. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria and 19 (40%) developed a CMV event: eight CMV infections, seven CMV syndromes, and 15 CMV diseases. The mean number of CMV events for each patient was 1.68 +/- 0.88. Twelve patients developed CMV events during prophylaxis (5/12 had CMV serology D+/R-). Forty-six of the 47 patients had at least one episode of acute rejection (mean 2.23 +/- 1.1). Median follow-up was 22 months (range = 3-50). There were seven deaths. Upon univariate analysis, CMV events were related to greater mortality (P = .04), especially if the patient experienced more than two events (P = .013) and if the first event occurred during the first 3 months after LT (P = .003). Nevertheless, a marginally significant relationship between CMV event during the first 3 months after LT and mortality was observed in the multivariate analysis (hazards ratio: 7.46; 95% confidence interval: 0.98-56.63; P = .052). Patients with CMV events more than 3 months post-LT showed the same survival as those who remained CMV-free. CONCLUSION: Prophylaxis and preemptive treatment are safe and effective; however, the patients who develop CMV events during prophylaxis experience a worse prognosis.

Systemic availability of prophylactic cefuroxime in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia (HCPB) is a procedure commonly used during heart surgery, representing a risk factor for the patient by promoting extensive haemodilution and profound physiological changes. Cefuroxime is used for the prevention of infection following heart surgery, and several dose schemes have been suggested for prophylaxis with cefuroxime. The objective of the present study was to assess, in a comparative manner, the systemic availability of cefuroxime administered intravascularly as a bolus dose of 1.5 g to 17 patients having heart surgery with or without HCPB. Plasma cefuroxime concentrations were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography-UV, and the following values, expressed as medians, were obtained for the study group compared with controls: 69.1 vs. 62.7 mg/L (1st h), 35.8 vs. 26.0mg/L (3rd h), 14.6 vs. 8.7 mg/L (6th h, P<0.05), 6.1 vs. 3.0mg/L (9th h, P<0.05) and 2.6 vs. 1.0mg/L (12th h, P<0.05). Despite the differences recorded during the study period as a consequence of HCPB, low antibiotic concentrations were found as early as 6h post dose for both groups investigated. Thus, the low systemic availability of cefuroxime after the administration of a 1.5-g dose may not protect against postoperative infections. The data obtained permit us to recommend a change in the dose scheme in order to maintain adequate plasma levels of cefuroxime.

Infecções bacterianas em 100 pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco / Bacterial Infections in 100 Patients Submitted to Heart Transplantation

Objetivo - analisar as ocorrências, os agentes etiológicos e a apresentaçäo clínica referentes às infecçöes bacterianas diagnosticadas em grupo de pacientes submetidos a transplante (Tx) cardíaco. Métodos - foram considerados 100 doentes, observados consecutivamente, após Tx cardíaco. O período de seguimento variou de 3 a 90 (média 25,38 + ou - 25,96) meses. O reconhecimento das infecçöes bacterianas levou em conta os critérios estabelecidos pelos Centers for Disease Control. Resultados - as infecçs pulmonares bacterianas comparecem em maior número, havendo dificuldade para diagnosticá-las depois do Tx. Ocorreram comprometimentos motivados por bactérias em pele, mucosas, partes moles, ferida operatória, pericárdio, pleura, loja do marcapasso e vias urinárias, tendo também sido constatadas bacteremias e endocardites. Os agentes etiológicos, quando reconhecidos, ficaram devidamente especificados. Conclusäo - o período pós-operatório inicial é crítico, pois nos 30 dias subsequentes a ele as infecçöe acterianas surgem com maior frequência. Elas também suscitam maior preocupaçäo nas fases de tratamento dos episódios de rejeiçöes. Diagnóstico precoce e rápida adoçäo de medidas coercitivas podem evitar gravidade e evoluçäo para óbito

Purpose - To evaluate clinical findings and etiology of bacterial infections diagnosed in 100 consecutive heart transplantations. Methods - One hundred consecutive heart transplant patients were studied. Follow-up after heart transplantation varied from 3 to 90 (mean 25.38± SD 25.97) months. Etiology of bacterial infection was established using the Centers for Disease Control criteria. Results - Bacterial infection was the most common cause of infection after heart transplantation; diagnosis was difficult. Infection sites were skin, mucous, membranes, soft tissue, surgical scar, pericardial and pleural spaces, soft tissue around heart pacing devices, urinary tract; bacteremias and endocarditis were also found. All bacterial agents recovered were fully identified Conclusion - Bacterial infections are the most common infections in the first month after heart transplantation. They are important and also common after the treatment of the rejection episodes. Rapid diagnosis and adequate treatment are essential to prevent morbidity and death

Infecções fúngicas em 100 pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco / Fungal Infections in 100 Patients Submitted to Heart Transplantation

Objetivo - analisar as ocorrências, agentes etiológicos, aspectos clínicos, topografias e números de óbtios referentes às infecçöes fúngicas diagnósticas em grupo de pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco (TX). Métodos - foram considerados 100 pacientes, observados consecutivamente, após TX. O período de seguimento variou de 3 a 90 (média 25,38 +/- 25,97) meses. O reconhecimento das infecçöes fúngicas levou em conta os critérios os estabelecidos pelos Centers for Disease Control. Resultados -ouve reconhecimentos de 47 infecçöes, com 3 óbitos atribuíveis diretamente a elas, Acremonium sp, Aspergillus sp, Candida albicans, C.tropicalis, Histoplasma capsulatum e Pneumocystis carinii constituíram os fungos responsáveis. Candidíase da cavidade oral devida à candida albicans representou o acometimento mais comumente comprovado. Conclusäo - as infecçöes fúngicas no grupo avaliado foram responsáveis por 3 óbitos e devem suscitar proprostas profiláticas e terapêuticas

Purpose - To evaluate prevalence, causes, clinicalaspects, topography and deaths due to fungal infections diagnosed in a series of patients submitted to heart transplantation. Methods -100 consecutive patients submitted to heart transplantation were studied Follow-up was three to 90 (mean 25.38±25.97) months. Fungal infections were diagnosed by the Centers for Disease Control criteria. Results - Forty seven fungal infections were found, with three deaths caused mainly by fungal infection. The most common infection in this series was oral infection by Candida albicans, Acremonium sp, Aspergillus sp, Candida tropicalis, Histoplasma capsulatum and Pneumocystis carinii were also responsible for infections in this patient population. Conclusion - Fungal infections caused three deaths in this series, and were responsiblefor increased morbidity. The authors suggest prophylactic and therapeutic recommencations

Endocardite infecciosa em 100 pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco / Inectious endocarditis in 100 patients after heart transplantation

Objetivo - analisar ocorrências, agentes etiológicos, aspectos clínico e taxa de óbitos referentes à endocardite infecciosa (EI) diagnosticada em pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco. Métodos - cem doentes foram observados consecutivamente após transplante cardíaco. O período de seguimento variou de 3 a 90 (média 25,38 +/- 25,97) meses. O reconhecimento da EI levou em conta critérios usados no Serviço de Epidemiologia e Desenvolvimento de Qualidade do INCOR da FMUSP, tendo como bases as defiçöes estipuladas pelo Center for Disease Control. Cooperaram para estabelecer o diangóstico, fundamentalmente, hemocultura, ecocardiograma transtorácico ou esofágico e necrópsia. Resultados - houve reconhecimento de 6 casos, com 4 óbitos, estando presentes em 3 processos sistêmicos generalizados. Febre compareceu como manifestaçäo clínica habitual. Conclusäo - o número de óbitos afigurou-se elevado, tendo em conta a natureza das bactérias causadores, a associaçäo com afecçöes graves e o uso de fármacos mnodepressores. Considerou-se importante adotar adequados cuidados em relaçäo aos fatores de risco, efetuar precocemente o diagnóstico e institutir rapidamente o tratamento.