ABSTRACT
The design and synthesis of novel 1a,2,5,5a-tetrahydro-1H-2,3-diaza-cyclopropa[a]pentalen-4-carboxamide CB2 selective ligands for the potential treatment of pain is described. Compound (R,R)-25 has good balance between CB2 agonist potency and selectivity over CB1, and possesses overall favorable pharmaceutical properties. It also demonstrated robust in vivo efficacy mediated via CB2 activation in the rodent models of inflammatory and osteoarthritis pain after oral administration.
Subject(s)
Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/pharmacology , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/pharmacology , Inflammation/drug therapy , Microsomes, Liver/drug effects , Osteoarthritis/drug therapy , Pain/drug therapy , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists , Administration, Oral , Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/chemistry , Animals , Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy , Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/administration & dosage , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/chemistry , Humans , Inflammation/metabolism , Male , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Osteoarthritis/metabolism , Pain/metabolism , Pyrazoles/administration & dosage , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Radioligand Assay , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A series of fused bicyclic heterocycles was identified as potent and selective 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists. Optimization of the series resulted in compounds that had improved PK properties, favorable CNS partitioning, good pharmacokinetic properties, and significant improvements on deep sleep (delta power) and sleep consolidation.
Subject(s)
Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/chemistry , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/therapeutic use , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists/chemistry , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/drug therapy , Sleep/drug effects , Animals , Humans , Rats , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacokinetics , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Recent developments in sleep research suggest that antagonism of the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor may improve sleep maintenance insomnia. We herein report the discovery of a series of potent and selective serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists based on a phenethylpiperazine amide core structure. When tested in a rat sleep pharmacology model, these compounds increased both sleep consolidation and deep sleep. Within this series of compounds, an improvement in the metabolic stability of early leads was achieved by introducing a carbonyl group into the phenethylpiperazine linker. Of note, compounds 14 and 27 exhibited potent 5-HT(2A) receptor binding affinity, high selectivity over the 5-HT(2C) receptor, favorable CNS partitioning, and good pharmacokinetic and early safety profiles. In vivo, these two compounds showed dose-dependent, statistically significant improvements on deep sleep (delta power) and sleep consolidation at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemical synthesis , Piperazines/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/drug therapy , Sleep/drug effects , Administration, Oral , Amides/pharmacokinetics , Amides/pharmacology , Animals , Biological Availability , Blood Proteins/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Dogs , Drug Inverse Agonism , Haplorhini , Humans , Male , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Piperazines/pharmacokinetics , Piperazines/pharmacology , Protein Binding , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Serotonin, which is stored in platelets and is released during thrombosis, activates platelets via the 5-HT(2A) receptor. 5-HT(2A) receptor inverse agonists thus represent a potential new class of antithrombotic agents. Our medicinal program began with known compounds that displayed binding affinity for the recombinant 5-HT(2A) receptor, but which had poor activity when tested in human plasma platelet inhibition assays. We herein describe a series of phenyl pyrazole inverse agonists optimized for selectivity, aqueous solubility, antiplatelet activity, low hERG activity, and good pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in the discovery of 10k (APD791). 10k inhibited serotonin-amplified human platelet aggregation with an IC(50) = 8.7 nM and had negligible binding affinity for the closely related 5-HT(2B) and 5-HT(2C) receptors. 10k was orally bioavailable in rats, dogs, and monkeys and had an acceptable safety profile. As a result, 10k was selected further evaluation and advanced into clinical development as a potential treatment for arterial thrombosis.
Subject(s)
Arteries/drug effects , Benzamides/chemistry , Benzamides/pharmacology , Drug Discovery/methods , Drug Inverse Agonism , Morpholines/chemistry , Morpholines/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists , Thrombosis/drug therapy , Animals , Benzamides/metabolism , Benzamides/pharmacokinetics , Dogs , Female , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Male , Morpholines/metabolism , Morpholines/pharmacokinetics , Platelet Aggregation/drug effects , Pyrazoles/metabolism , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Substrate Specificity , Thrombosis/metabolismABSTRACT
Insomnia affects a growing portion of the adult population in the U.S. Most current therapeutic approaches to insomnia primarily address sleep onset latency. Through the 5-hydroxytryptamine(2A) (5-HT(2A)) receptor, serotonin (5-HT) plays a role in the regulation of sleep architecture, and antagonists/inverse-agonists of 5-HT(2A) have been shown to enhance slow wave sleep (SWS). We describe here a series of 5-HT(2A) inverse-agonists that when dosed in rats, both consolidate the stages of NREM sleep, resulting in fewer awakenings, and increase a physiological measure of sleep intensity. These studies resulted in the discovery of 1-[3-(4-bromo-2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)urea (Nelotanserin), a potent inverse-agonist of 5-HT(2A) that was advanced into clinical trials for the treatment of insomnia.
Subject(s)
Phenylurea Compounds/chemical synthesis , Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/drug therapy , Animals , Binding, Competitive , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Male , Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism , Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism , Serotonin/metabolism , Sleep/drug effects , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/metabolism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Potent 5-HT(2A) inverse-agonists containing phenyl-pyrazole ureas with an amino side chain were identified. Optimization of this series resulted in selective compounds that proved effective in modulating 5HT-induced amplification of ADP-stimulated human platelet aggregation.
