ABSTRACT
Vaccine Benefit-Risk (B-R) assessment consists of evaluating the benefits and risks of a vaccine and making a judgment whether the expected key benefits outweigh the potential key risks associated with its expected use. B-R supports regulatory and public health decision-making throughout the vaccine's lifecycle. In August 2021, the Brighton Collaboration's Benefit-Risk Assessment of VAccines by TechnolOgy (BRAVATO) Benefit-Risk Assessment Module working group was established to develop a standard module to support the planning, conduct and evaluation of structured B-R assessments for vaccines from different platforms, based on data from clinical trials, post-marketing studies and real-world evidence. It enables sharing of relevant information via value trees, effects tables and graphical depictions of B-R trade-offs. It is intended to support vaccine developers, funders, regulators and policy makers in high-, middle- or low-income countries to help inform decision-making and facilitate transparent communication concerning development, licensure, deployment and other lifecycle decisions.
Subject(s)
Vaccines , Risk Assessment , Vaccines/adverse effects , HumansABSTRACT
Middle lobe syndrome is a term that refers to a recurrent collapse of a lung segment, typically the right middle lobe. We discuss a case that middle lobe syndrome occurred in an unusual lung segment and related to an unusual cause.
Subject(s)
Middle Lobe Syndrome/etiology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications , Bronchoscopy , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Middle Lobe Syndrome/diagnosis , Recurrence , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a relatively uncommon collagen vascular disease that can lead to both upper and lower airway disease. Subglottic stenosis is one manifestation of the airway disease and can occur even during the quiescent phase of the disease, independent of an active inflammatory response. A high index of suspicion is necessary for this complication in patients with known WG who complain of dyspnoea, and WG should be high on the differential diagnosis in those found to have "idiopathic" subglottic stenosis. We report the case of a patient who presented with this problem, and we review the prevalence, diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment.
Subject(s)
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/complications , Laryngostenosis/diagnosis , Laryngostenosis/etiology , Glottis , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/diagnostic imaging , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis/pathology , Humans , Laryngostenosis/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , RadiographyABSTRACT
We investigate the location of the point of maximal horizontal velocity for steady periodic water waves with vorticity.
