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1.
Psychon Bull Rev ; 23(1): 239-45, 2016 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26032226

ABSTRACT

Previous research showed competition among reference frames in spatial attention and language. The present studies developed a new distribution analysis to examine reference frame interactions in spatial memory. Participants viewed virtual arrays of colored pegs and were instructed to remember them either from their own perspective or from the perspective aligned with the rectangular floor. Then they made judgments of relative directions from their respective encoding orientation. Those taking the floor-axis perspective showed systematic bias in the signed errors toward their egocentric perspective, while those taking their own perspective showed no systematic bias, both for random and symmetrical object arrays. The bias toward the egocentric perspective was observed when learning a real symmetric regular object array with strong environmental cues for the aligned axis. These results indicate automatic processing of the self reference while taking the floor-axis perspective but not vice versa, and suggest that research on spatial memory needs to consider the implications of competition effects in reference frame use.


Subject(s)
Orientation/physiology , Space Perception/physiology , Spatial Memory/physiology , Adult , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Humans , Young Adult
2.
Psychol Sci ; 25(12): 2136-46, 2014 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25304886

ABSTRACT

Cell-phone use impairs driving safety and performance. This impairment may stem from the remote partner's lack of awareness about the driving situation. In this study, pairs of participants completed a driving simulator task while conversing naturally in the car and while talking on a hands-free cell phone. In a third condition, the driver drove while the remote conversation partner could see video of both the road ahead and the driver's face. We tested the extent to which this additional visual information diminished the negative effects of cell-phone distraction and increased situational awareness. Collision rates for unexpected merging events were high when participants drove in a cell-phone condition but were reduced when they were in a videophone condition, reaching a level equal to that observed when they drove with an in-car passenger or drove alone. Drivers and their partners made shorter utterances and made longer, more frequent traffic references when they spoke in the videophone rather than the cell-phone condition. Providing a view of the driving scene allows remote partners to help drivers by modulating their conversation and referring to traffic more often.


Subject(s)
Attention , Automobile Driving/psychology , Awareness , Cell Phone/statistics & numerical data , Communication , Safety , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult
3.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn ; 40(2): 602-8, 2014 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24364722

ABSTRACT

The perspective-taking task is one of the most common paradigms used to study the nature of spatial memory, and better performance for certain orientations is generally interpreted as evidence of spatial representations using these reference directions. However, performance advantages can also result from the relative ease in certain transformations/rotations. To differentiate spatial memory from spatial transformations, the present study took a new approach based on the hypothesis that responses may be biased toward the original representation but not a transformed one. Participants memorized a regular target array and then judged the relative direction between 2 targets while imagining facing various directions. Their response time and absolute errors showed the standard advantages at 4 imagined orientations. In contrast, an attraction analysis suggested that only 1 orientation was represented in memory, whereas performance advantages at other orthogonal orientations were due to lower transformation costs and should not be interpreted as spatial representations. These findings challenged the traditional performance-based interpretations of perspective change tasks and provided a new research paradigm to differentiate spatial representations from spatial transformations.


Subject(s)
Imagination/physiology , Learning/physiology , Memory/physiology , Orientation/physiology , Space Perception/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Reaction Time/physiology , Students , Universities
4.
Behav Brain Sci ; 36(5): 567-8; discussion 571-87, 2013 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24103623

ABSTRACT

The dimension of spatial representations can be assessed by above-chance performance in novel shortcut or spatial reasoning tasks independent of accuracy levels, systematic biases, mosaic/segmentation across space, separate coding of individual dimensions, and reference frames. Based on this criterion, humans and some other animals exhibited sufficient evidence for the existence of three-dimensional and/or four-dimensional spatial representations.


Subject(s)
Cognition/physiology , Models, Neurological , Space Perception/physiology , Spatial Behavior , Animals , Humans
5.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci ; 2(5): 529-546, 2011 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26302304

ABSTRACT

Change blindness and inattentional blindness are both failures of visual awareness. Change blindness is the failure to notice an obvious change. Inattentional blindness is the failure to notice the existence of an unexpected item. In each case, we fail to notice something that is clearly visible once we know to look for it. Despite similarities, each type of blindness has a unique background and distinct theoretical implications. Here, we discuss the central paradigms used to explore each phenomenon in a historical context. We also outline the central findings from each field and discuss their implications for visual perception and attention. In addition, we examine the impact of task and observer effects on both types of blindness as well as common pitfalls and confusions people make while studying these topics. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 529-546 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.130 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

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