Vesical Endometriosis in a male patient on treatment for papillary urothelial carcinoma.

Endometriosis denotes the abnormal growth of tissue resembling endometrium in ectopic sites and has largely been studied in women of reproductive age. It is an extremely rare phenomenon in men. We came across an exceptional clinical scenario of histologically proven bladder endometriosis in a 66-year-old man in relook bladder biopsy following completion of adjuvant intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin induction course for G3pTa bladder cancer. We have pencilled down pathophysiology and commonly seen predisposing factors for "endometriosis in male patients" from available case reports and applied those findings to hypothesise the disease profile of our patient in this case report.

Massive Small Bowel Enterolith in Post Cystoprostatectomy Ileal Cul-de-sac : A Unique Presentation of a Rare Clinical Condition.

Enterolithiasis or formation of gastrointestinal concretions is an unusual medical entity that typically occurs in patients suffering from persistent intestinal stasis. We present a rare case of non-obstructive enterolith wedged in the blind end of bowel reconstruction following cystoprostatectomy and ileal conduit formation due to muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Although we watched it grow over the years, radiological characterisation was made possible when it grew to a significant size. We, herein, will discuss the aetiology and complexities associated with the diagnosis and management of such orphan cases given their non-specific clinical presentations in an already hostile abdomen due to multiple laparotomies.

Delayed presentation of postcaesarean section vesicouterine fistula repaired robotically.

A premenopausal patient in her late forties presented with a 15-year history of urinary incontinence starting shortly after a caesarean section performed for her fourth delivery and more recently associated episodic light haematuria and passage of clots per vagina. The haematuria was intermittent over several months and associated with per-vaginal bleeding. She had symptomatic anaemia. Flexible cystoscopy and MRI showed a vesicouterine fistula. She underwent a robotic-assisted hysterectomy and multi-layered repair of the bladder with omental interposition. She remained in the hospital for 4 days, though recovered well and underwent catheter removal at 14 days following a normal cystogram. At 3 months, she was well with no incontinence or urinary symptoms. This case demonstrates the need for vigilance in assessing patients with persistent incontinence, particularly in the context of prior caesarean section. It highlights the feasibility of robotic surgery for correcting these defects in a society where minimally invasive surgery is becoming the norm, and cosmesis is a priority for patients.

Angiogenesis in bladder cancer--prognostic marker and target for future therapy.

Angiogenesis is the process by which tumours induce a blood supply, crucial for growth and metastasis. Evidence for its role in bladder carcinogenesis, its usefulness as a marker of patient prognosis, and potential anti-angiogenic therapies for future development are discussed in this chapter.