[Teichoic acids of three type strains of the "Bacillus subtilis" group, Bacillus mojavensis VKM B-2650, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. amyloliquefaciens VKM B-2582, and Bacillus sonorensis VKM B-2652].

Cell walls of three type strains of the "Bacillus subtilis" group, Bacillus mojavensis VKM B-2650, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. amyloliquefaciens VKM B-2582, and Bacillus sonorensis VKM B-2652, are characterized by the individual set of teichoic acids. All strains contained 1,3-poly(glycerophosphates), unsubstituted, acylated with D-alanine, and glycosylated. The latter differ in the nature of the monosaccharide residue. Teichoic acids of B. mojavensis VKM B-2650(T) and B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. amyloliquefaciens VKM B-2582(T) contained α-glucopyranose, while those of VKM B-2652(T) contained ß-glucopyranose and N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine. Moreover cell walls of B. mojavensis VKM B-2650(T) contained a teichoic acid of poly(glycosylglycerophosphate) nature with the following structure of the repeating unit: -4)-α-D-α-D- GlcpNAc-(1--> 3]-Glcp-(1 --> 2)-sn-Gro-(3-P-. The type strains have been characterized according to the composition of cell wall sugars and polyols. Application of teichoic acids (set and structure) as chemotaxonomic characteristics is discussed for six type strains of the "Bacillus subtilis" group. Polymer structures were determined by chemical and NMR spectroscopic techniques.

[Cell wall teichoic acids from Streptomyces daghestanicus VKM Ac-1722T and Streptomyces murinus INA-00524T].

The structure of cell wall teichoic acids was studied by chemical methods and NMR spectroscopy in the type strains of two actinomycete species of the "Streptomyces griseoviridis" phenetic cluster: Streptomyces daghestanicus and Streptomyces murinus. S. daghestanicus VKM Ac-1722T contained two polymers having a 1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate) structure. In one of them, the ribitol units had alpha-rhamnopyranose and 3-O-methyl-alpha-rhamnopyranose substituents; in the other, each ribitol unit was carrying 2,4-ketal-bound pyruvic acid. Such polymers were earlier found in the cell walls of Streptomyces roseolus and Nocardiopsis albus, respectively; however, their simultaneous presence in the cell wall has never been reported. The cell wall teichoic acid of Streptomyces murinus INA-00524T was is a 1,5-poly(glucosylpolyol phosphate), whose repeating unit was [-6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-glycerol phosphate-(3-P-]. Such a teichoic acid was earlier found in Spirilliplanes yamanashiensis. The 13C NMR spectrum of this polymer is presented for the first time. The results of the present investigation, together with earlier published data, show that the type strains of four species of the "Streptomyces griseoviridis" phenetic cluster differ in the composition and structure of their teichoic acids; thus, teichoic acids may serve as chemotaxonomic markers of the species.

[Mechanism of action of the extracellular bacteriolytic enzymes of Lysobacter sp. on gram-positive bacteria: role of the cell wall anionic polymers of the target bacteria]. / Rol' anionnykh polimerov kletochnykh stenok grampolozhitel'nykh bakterii-mishenei v mekhanizme deistviia na nikh vnekletochnykh bakterioliticheskikh fermentov Lysobacter sp.

The study of the extracellular bacteriolytic enzymes of Lysobacter sp. showed that they can efficiently hydrolyze the peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria provided that there is an electrostatic interaction of these enzymes with the cell wall anionic polymers, teichoic and teichuronic acids in particular. The hydrolytic action of bacteriolytic enzymes on the cell wall largely depends on the negative charge of teichoic and teichuronic acids, rather than on their chemical composition.

[The cell wall teichoic acids of streptomycetes from the "Streptomyces cyaneus" cluster]. / Teikhoevye kisloty kletochnykh stenok streptomitsetov klastera "Streptomyces cyaneus".

The cell wall anionic polymers of the 13 species of the "Streptomyces cyaneus" cluster have a similar structure and contain beta-glucosylated 1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate) and 1,3-poly(glycerol phosphate). In the degree of glucosylation of the ribitol phosphate units of their teichoic acids, the cluster members can be divided into two groups. The streptomycetes of the first group (S. afghaniensis, S. janthinus, S. purpurascens, S. roseoviolaceus, and S. violatus) are characterized by a very similar structure of their cell walls, completely glucosylated 1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate) chains, and a high degree of DNA homology (67-88%). The cell wall teichoic acids of the second group (S. azureus, S. bellus, S. caelestis, S. coeruleorubidus, S. curacoi, and S. violarus) differ in the degree of beta-glucosylation of their 1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate) chains and have a lower level of DNA homology (54-76%). Two streptomycetes of the cluster (S. cyaneus and S. hawaiiensis) are genetically distant from the other cluster members but have the same composition and structure of the cell wall teichoic acids as the second-group streptomycetes. The data obtained confirm the genetic relatedness of the "S. cyaneus" cluster members and suggest that the structure of the cell wall teichoic acids may serve as one of the taxonomic criteria of the species-level status of streptomycetes.

[The carbohydrate-containing cell wall polymers of some species from the cluster "Streptomyces lavendulae"]. / Uglevodsoderzhashchie polimery kletochnykh stenok nekotorykh streptomitsetov, vkhodiashchikh v klaster "Streptomyces lavendulae".

The type strains of the cluster "Streptomyces lavendulae" species with a low level of DNA-DNA relatedness were found to contain different cell-wall carbohydrate polymers, whereas the species of this cluster with a level of DNA-DNA relatedness of about 60% contain similar or identical carbohydrate polymers. The type strains Streptomyces katrae VKM Ac-1220T and S. polychromogenes VKM Ac-1207T synthesize mannan with different amounts of alpha-1,2- and alpha-1,3-substituted mannopyranose units and a small number of 1,3-poly(glycerophosphate) chains. The cell walls of S. lavendulocolor VKM Ac-215T and Streptomyces sp. VKM Ac-2117 were found to contain a hitherto unknown teichuronic acid, whose repeating unit is a disaccharide consisting of diaminomannuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine:-->4)-beta-D-ManpNAc3NAcA-(1-->3)-alpha-D- GalpNAc-(1-->. In addition, the cell walls of these two streptomycetes contain beta-glucosylated 1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate). The cell walls of S. virginiae VKM Ac-1218T and S. flavotricini VKM Ac-1277T contain the same poly(glucosyl-glycerophosphate). The results presented in this paper are in accordance with the DNA-DNA relatedness data published earlier and indicate a taxonomic significance of the structure of the cell-wall polysaccharides for the delineation of pheneticall/related Streptomyces species.

[Lytic action of lysoamidase from Xanthomonas sp. correlates with the presence of the target ribitol teichoic acids in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria]. / Liticheskoe deistvie lizoamidazy iz Xanthomonas sp. korreliruet s prisutstviem v kletochnoi stenke grampolozhitel'nykh bakterii--mishenei ribitteikhoevykh kislot.

Lysoamidase, a bacteriolytic complex from the culture liquid of Xanthomonas sp., hydrolyzed the cells walls of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptomyces chrysomallus, and Streptomyces azureus, which contain ribitol teichoic acids in addition to peptidoglycan. The cell walls of Streptomyces roseoflavus, Glycomyces harhinensis, and Nocardiopsis dassonvillei, containing glycerol teichoic acids, were not hydrolyzed by lysoamidase. The extent of the hydrolysis of 20-h Str. chrysomallus cells and cell walls, containing 40% ribitol teichoic acids, was considerably higher than that of 40-h cells and cell walls, containing 15% teichoic acids. Homogeneous bacteriolytic enzymes of the lysoamidase complex (muramidase and two bacteriolytic peptidases) most efficiently hydrolyzed S. aureus and Str. chrysomallus cell walls, characterized by the highest content of ribitol teichoic acids, and did not hydrolyze purified peptidoglycan.

[1,5-poly(ribitol phosphate) with tetrasaccharide substituents in the cell wall of Agromyces fucosus ssp. Hippuratus]. / 1,5-Poli(ribitfosfat) s tetrasakharidnymi zamestiteliami v kletochnoi stenke Agromyces fucosus ssp. Hippuratus.

Cell walls of Agromyces fucosus ssp. hippuratus VKM Ac-1352T and VKM Ac-1353 contain teichoic acids of identical structure. The polymer is of a 1.5-poly(ribitol phosphate) type. Each ribitol phosphate residue is substituted at C-4(2) by tetrasaccharide having the following structure: alpha-L-Rhap(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->3)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-- >2)- alpha-L-Rhap-(1-->. The teichoic acid chain is made up by 12-13 repeating units. No structurally identical polymer of the procaryotic cell wall has so far been reported.

[An anionic polysaccharide from the cell wall of Actinoplanes brasiliensis INA 3802]. / Anionnyi polisakharid kletochnoi stenki Actinoplanes brasiliensis INA 3802.

The cell wall of Actinoplanes brasiliensis INA 3802 contains a polysaccharide which has an unusual structure. The peculiar structure of the polymer has been established by a nondestructive procedure which included 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide consists of six tetrasaccharide links having the following composition -->6(alpha-D-Glc rho-(1-->4)-beta-D-Clc rho 2,3NAcA-(1-->4)-alpha-D-Clc rho 2,3NAc-(1-->4)-beta- D-Man rho 2,3NAcA-(1-->. No structurally identical polymer of the procaryotic cell wall has so far been reported.

[Phosphorus-containing polysaccharides from the cell wall of Actinoplanes sp. INA 3697 cell wall]. / Fosforsoderzhashchii polisakharid kletochnoi stenki Actinoplanes sp. INA 3697.

A phosphorus-containing polysaccharide has been isolated from defatted cells of Actinoplanes sp. INA 3697. The structure of the polymer has been established by a non-destructive method including one- and two-dimensional NMR 1H-spectroscopy as well as by NMR 13C-spectroscopy and confirmed by chemical analysis of the monosaccharide composition and the repeating link. Association of the repeating units-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-mannopyranosyl-(1-->3)-2-acetamido -2-deoxy-D-glucopyranoses, is provided by phosphodiester bonds between C1 of N-acetylglucosamine and C6 of N-acetylmannosamine. The polymer molecule is made up of about 12 disaccharides and is localized in the cell wall of the actinomycete. No structurally identical phosphorylated polysaccharides have as yet been found in prokaryotes.

[Poly(galactosylglycerophosphate) with mannosyl side residues from the cell wall of Actinoplanes phillipinensis VKM Ac-647]. / Poli(galaktozilglitserofosfat) s mannozil'nymi bokovymi edinitsami iz kletochnoi stenki Actinoplanes philippinensis VKM Ac-647.

The Actinoplanes philippinensis cell wall has several anionic carbohydrate-containing polymers. The major polymer is of poly(glycosylglycerol phosphate) type, its monomeric unit being O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1----4)-beta-D- galactopyranosyl-(1----1)-glycerol monophosphate. The phosphodiester linkages connect the C3 of glycerol units and the C6 of galactosyl ones, and the mannosyl residues form side branches of the teichoic acid's main chain. Chains without mannosyl residues were found in addition to the major teichoic acid. The structure of the polymers was established by chemical analysis, and 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy. It is for the first time that a teichoic acid with mannosyl residues was found in bacterial cell walls. The phosphorylated mannan contains, in addition to mannose, 2-O-methylmannose. The main chain has alpha-1,2, alpha-1,3 and alpha-1,6 types of substitution, which was established by 13C NMR spectroscopy.

[Isolation of lipoteichoic acid from Streptomyces levoris]. / Vydelenie lipoteikhoevoi kisloty iz Streptomyces levoris.

Lipoteichoic acid was isolated from Streptomyces levoris K-3056 by cold phenol extraction. Its hydrophilic moiety is represented by 1,3-poly(glycerophosphate) whereas the hydrophobic part contains fatty acids among which pentadecanoic, 14-methylpentadecanoic (isopalmitic), palmitic and heptadecanoic acids prevail. Lipoteichoic acid has been found in the Streptomyces genus for the first time. Its overall content in the cells of Streptomyces levoris K-3056 is comparable with that found in other Gram-positive bacteria.

[Chemical composition of the cell wall of Streptomyces chrysomallus which produces the antibiotic aurantin]. / Khimicheskii sostav kletochnoi stenki Streptomyces chrysomallus, obrazuiushchego antibiotik aurantin.

The cell wall chemical composition of Streptomyces chrysomallus producing the antibiotic aurantin was studied. The cell wall represents 11--13% of the dry cell weight and contains three major polymers, namely, peptidoglycan, ribitol teichoic acid and a polysaccharide. Each muramic acid of peptidoglycan has a peptide subunit which consists of two alanine residues, glutamic acid and diaminopimelic acid residues. Peptide chains are connected with bridges consisting of one glycine residue. The poly(ribitol phosphate) chain contains glucosyl substituents and O-acetyl groups. The main monosaccharides of the polysaccharide are glucose and galactose; mannose, fucose and galactosamine are found in minor amounts. The composition of the cell wall changes during cell development and aging: the content of teichoic acid decreases while that of the polysaccharide increases. Possible factors causing these changes are discussed.

[Ratio of glycan to teichoic acid in Actinomyces thermovulgaris cell wall]. / O sootnoshenii glikana i teikhoevoi kisloty v kletochnoi stenke Actinomyces thermovulgaris

The molar ratio between glycan and teichoic acid was studied in the cell wall of Actinomyces thermovulgaris. A chain of teichoic acid consisting of 13 glycerophosphate units was found to correspond to 6--7 disaccharide units of glycan. The cell wall contains 31% of the glycan of the glycopeptide and 25% of teichoic acid. The content of glycan was calculated using the concentration of muramic acid in the wall. The cell wall was found to contain 1.02% of O-acetyl groups.

[Teichoic acid content in the cell wall of Actinomyces rimosus LST-118 in the process of ontogeny]. / Soderzhanie teikhoevoi kisloty v kletochnoi stenke Actinomyces rimosus LST-118 v protsesse ontogeneza

Polymeric compounds of the cell walls of Act. rimosus were studied during the actinomycete growth. It was found that the content of teichoic acid decreased 2 times by the end of development of Act. rimosus, while content of glycane polymer remained approximately at the same level. The molar ratios of teichoic acid and glycopeptide glycane were determined.