ABSTRACT
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a serious condition of unclear pathogenesis and progression. Two samples were collected from 48 patients during AAA surgery. One sample was collected from the aneurysm, the other from the aneurysm proximal neck where the tissue did not exhibit any aneurysmal changes. Subsequently, gene expression profiles using microarrays (Illumina) were compared in RNA extracted from the samples. Overall, 2,185 genes were found to be upregulated and 2,100 downregulated; from which 158 genes had a different expression with FDR<0.05 (False Discovery Rate) and FC>/=2 (Fold Change). Of this number, 115 genes were over-expressed and 43 under-expressed. The analysis of the gene list based on their biological pathways revealed that the regulation of inflammation was mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathways, the integrin signaling pathway, and T and B cell activation. Moreover, a change was identified in the expression of genes involved in both intercellular and intracellular signaling systems.
Subject(s)
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/immunology , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Inflammation Mediators/immunology , Aged , Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism , Female , Gene Expression/physiology , Humans , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Leukemias harboring the ETV6-ABL1 fusion represent a rare subset of hematological malignancies with unfavorable outcomes. The constitutively active chimeric Etv6-Abl1 tyrosine kinase can be specifically inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Although TKIs represent an important therapeutic tool, so far, the mechanism underlying the potential TKI resistance in ETV6-ABL1-positive malignancies has not been studied in detail. To address this issue, we established a TKI-resistant ETV6-ABL1-positive leukemic cell line through long-term exposure to imatinib. ETV6-ABL1-dependent mechanisms (including fusion gene/protein mutation, amplification, enhanced expression or phosphorylation) and increased TKI efflux were excluded as potential causes of resistance. We showed that TKI effectively inhibited the Etv6-Abl1 kinase activity in resistant cells, and using short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated silencing, we confirmed that the resistant cells became independent from the ETV6-ABL1 oncogene. Through analysis of the genomic and proteomic profiles of resistant cells, we identified an acquired mutation in the GNB1 gene, K89M, as the most likely cause of the resistance. We showed that cells harboring mutated GNB1 were capable of restoring signaling through the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, whose activation is inhibited by TKI. This alternative GNB1K89M-mediated pro-survival signaling rendered ETV6-ABL1-positive leukemic cells resistant to TKI therapy. The mechanism of TKI resistance is independent of the targeted chimeric kinase and thus is potentially relevant not only to ETV6-ABL1-positive leukemias but also to a wider spectrum of malignancies treated by kinase inhibitors.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , GTP-Binding Protein beta Subunits/genetics , Leukemia/drug therapy , Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics , Cell Line, Tumor , Humans , Imatinib Mesylate/administration & dosage , Leukemia/genetics , Leukemia/pathology , Mutation , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Signal Transduction/drug effectsABSTRACT
A cluster of four genes was identified in the Rhodobacter capsulatus genome that is involved in PHA metabolism. These genes encode the PHA granule-associated protein (pha2), the regulator for granule formation (pha1), the PHA synthase (phaC) and the PHA depolymerase (orfX). Two other genes, namely those encoding beta-ketothiolase (phaA) and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (phaB), are not linked to this cluster.
Subject(s)
Carboxylic Acids/metabolism , Esters/metabolism , Rhodobacter capsulatus/genetics , Rhodobacter capsulatus/metabolism , Genes, Bacterial , Genome , Multigene Family , Open Reading FramesABSTRACT
Fluorescent antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing was performed on 141 sera from 114 patients with well defined rheumatic diseases including fibrositis syndrome and 24 sera from 24 healthy subjects using HEp-2 cells and rat liver as substrates. ANA titers were almost always higher on HEp-2, in most cases by 1:5 dilutions. ANA positivity or negativity was usually substrate independent, but there were exceptions. Two patients with SLE were ANA positive on HEp-2 only and rat liver only, respectively; patterns were homogeneous. Thirteen of 15 CREST patients had anticentromere antibodies, detected on HEp-2 only. "False-positive" ANA were invariably low titer, speckled and confined to one substrate.
