Laryngeal Hyposensitivity in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

INTRODUCTION: Impaired laryngopharyngeal sensation has been implicated in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and may play an important pathophysiological role. We evaluated sensory function in OSA by examining the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) response rate and temporal profile to tactile stimulation. METHODS: Laryngeal sensation testing was performed in awake adults with and without diagnosed OSA by stimulating the medial aryepiglottic fold or arytenoid using 30-mm 5-0 and 4-0 nylon Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments. Video analysis by two independent reviewers evaluated for the presence of the LAR in response to satisfactory stimuli and LAR latency to vocal fold adduction. RESULTS: Twenty-six OSA and 12 control subjects were tested with 270 satisfactory stimuli. The mean full LAR response rate to 4-0 stimulation was 38.3% in OSA vs 86.9% in control subjects (p <0.001) and to 5-0 stimulation was 27% in OSA vs 63.9% in control subjects (p <0.001). The mean LAR latency to vocal fold closure in OSA was 123.7 ms (SD 35.8) vs 156.4 ms (SD 44.3) in control (p = 0.04) subjects. OSA LAR latency was positively correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index (r = 0.30; p = 0.008). CONCLUSION: The OSA group exhibited reduced LAR response rates and shortened LAR latency, where latency was correlated with disease severity. Laryngeal hyposensitivity was affirmed and changes to LAR sensorimotor temporal dynamics were revealed. These pathophysiological alterations to the LAR may be accounted for by decreased somatosensory receptor sensitivity, increased sympathetic tone, and reorganized brain stem function in OSA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:3856-3861, 2024.

Elective management of the N0 neck in maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate adequacy of radiation therapy alone to the neck in patients with maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma (MS-SCC) without clinical evidence of regional metastasis. METHODS: Retrospective review between 2000 and 2018 from a single high-volume tertiary academic head and neck cancer center of all patients with MS-SCC. RESULTS: A total of 55 patients were treated for MS-SCC at our center. A clinically uninvolved neck on presentation was found in 46 patients (83.6%) in the initial dataset. Of the 39 patients with radiologic N0 disease who were treated with primary surgical resection, 15.4% (6 patients) did not undergo any treatment of the neck, 2.6% (1 patient) underwent a neck dissection only, 69.2% (27 patients) received RT only, and 12.8% (5 patients) were treated with both a neck dissection followed by RT. Median follow-up was 26 months (mean 48 months, interquartile range 9-76 months). Five-year overall survival of all patients with N0 necks treated with upfront surgical resection was 46.5% (95% CI, 32.3%-66.9%). No patients with N0 necks had isolated regional recurrence regardless of neck management. CONCLUSIONS: Regional recurrence is rare for patients with radiologic N0 MS-SCC. Single-modality elective neck radiation provides excellent regional disease control in these patients.

Expert Consensus Statement: Management of Dysphagia in Head and Neck Cancer Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To develop an expert consensus statement (ECS) on the management of dysphagia in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients to address controversies and offer opportunities for quality improvement. Dysphagia in HNC was defined as swallowing impairment in patients with cancers of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx. METHODS: Development group members with expertise in dysphagia followed established guidelines for developing ECS. A professional search strategist systematically reviewed the literature, and the best available evidence was used to compose consensus statements targeted at providers managing dysphagia in adult HNC populations. The development group prioritized topics where there was significant practice variation and topics that would improve the quality of HNC patient care if consensus were possible. RESULTS: The development group identified 60 candidate consensus statements, based on 75 initial proposed topics and questions, that focused on addressing the following high yield topics: (1) risk factors, (2) screening, (3) evaluation, (4) prevention, (5) interventions, and (6) surveillance. After 2 iterations of the Delphi survey and the removal of duplicative statements, 48 statements met the standardized definition for consensus; 12 statements were designated as no consensus. CONCLUSION: Expert consensus was achieved for 48 statements pertaining to risk factors, screening, evaluation, prevention, intervention, and surveillance for dysphagia in HNC patients. Clinicians can use these statements to improve quality of care, inform policy and protocols, and appreciate areas where there is no consensus. Future research, ideally randomized controlled trials, is warranted to address additional controversies related to dysphagia in HNC patients.

Assessment of Laryngeal Sensory Function using a Tactile Aesthesiometer in Healthy Adults.

INTRODUCTION: Laryngeal sensory function in healthy adults was assessed through the delivery of tactile stimuli using Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments. METHODS: 37 healthy adults were recruited with 340 tactile stimuli analyzed. Four calibrated tactile stimuli were delivered to three laryngeal sites: false vocal fold (FVF), aryepiglottic fold (AEF), and lateral pyriform sinus (LPS). Primary outcome was the elicitation of laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR). Secondary outcomes were gag, patient-reported laryngeal sensation (PRLS), and perceptual strength. Analysis was performed with mixed effects logistic regression modeling. RESULTS: Positive LAR was observed in 35.7%, 70.2%, and 91.2% of stimuli at LPS, AEF, and FVF respectively. LAR rates were significantly associated with laryngopharyngeal subsite (p < 0.001), tactile force (p = 0.001), age (p = 0.022) and sex (p = 0.022). LAR, gag, PRLS, and perceptual strength significantly increased as a more medial laryngeal subsite was stimulated and as stimulus force increased. Each of the ten years of age increase was associated with 19% reduction in odds of LAR (aOR = 0.81, 95% CI [0.68, 0.97]; p = 0.022). Male gender was associated with a 55% reduction in odds of LAR (aOR = 0.45, 95% CI [0.23, 0.89]; p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: LAR elicitation capability decreases in the male gender, aging, and a more lateral subsite. This study provides insight into the pathophysiology of hypo- and hyper-sensitive laryngeal disorders and is paramount to making accurate diagnostic assessments and finding novel treatment options for various laryngological disorders. Laryngoscope, 133:2525-2532, 2023.

Stabilization of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis with Pembrolizumab Therapy: A Case Report.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a benign neoplastic disease of the respiratory tract that is caused by human papilloma virus (HPV). The current standard of care is surgical excision with adjuvant treatment as needed. Multiple adjuvant treatments have been used with some success, but long-term control of disease remains difficult. We report on a case of a patient with a long history of RRP who had stabilized true vocal fold disease while on pembrolizumab for concurrent early stage lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Implementation of Telemedicine in a Laryngology Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned, Experiences Shared.

OBJECTIVES: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 has posed significant limitations and barriers to providing in-person healthcare. We aim to provide a summary of learned experiences and important considerations for implementing and offering telehealth to provide laryngology subspecialty care during the COVID-19 pandemic and thereafter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four laryngologists and a voice-specialized speech-language pathologist from a tertiary-care academic Voice and Swallowing Center were engaged in a structured group consensus conference. Participants shared input, experiences, and practice patterns employed via telemedicine (via telephone or video-communication) during the early COVID-19 era. RESULTS: Key identified areas of consideration when offering telemedicine included (1) how to set up and structure a telemedicine visit and maintain patient confidentiality, (2) patient examination and treatment initiation, (3) optimization of the tele-visit, (4) limitations and recognition of when a tele-visit is insufficient for patient care needs, (5) billing/reimbursement considerations. Group consensus for the aforementioned topics is summarized and discussed. CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a telemedicine model can be effectively employed to improve patient access to subspecialty laryngology care, including a multidisciplinary care approach, with initiation of various therapeutic interventions. A major limitation given the preclusion of in-person assessment is the lack of access to laryngoscopy, which can likely be delayed safely in the majority of individuals.

Hepatitis C as a Potential Risk Factor for Adverse Surgical Outcomes in Head and Neck Free Tissue Transfer Reconstruction.

Background: Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer (HNC), and negatively impacts cancer-specific survival. Objective: To measure the impact of HCV status on free tissue transfer failure, flap takeback, and length of stay in HNC patients undergoing reconstruction. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent head and neck free tissue transfer reconstruction at a single academic institution between August 2011 and June 2020. Results: In the HCV-infected group, total flap failure rate was 2.9% versus 1.3% in the control group and the takeback rate was 11.1% versus 9.6%. On multivariate analysis, HCV status was not associated with flap failure, flap takeback, or total length of hospital stay >7 days. Conclusion: In this study, HCV status was not associated with differences in postoperative complications or length of stay. Future research with greater numbers of HCV-positive study subjects is required to elucidate the effect of HCV infection in this patient population.

Access Challenge Index: A Novel Disparity Measure Predictive of Language Outcomes in Children Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of demographic disparities on language outcomes in a diverse group of children who are deaf or hard of hearing. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (a tertiary care center). METHODS: Forty-four patients aged <18 years were identified with sensorineural hearing loss managed with a behind-the-ear hearing aid or cochlear implant. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the medical record. The primary outcome measure was the Preschool Language Scales-5 at least 6 months after intervention. Predictors of language outcome were assessed: hearing level at the time of hearing intervention, cochlear implant status, age of identification and intervention, travel time to site of hearing care, home language, race/ethnicity, insurance type, and Access Challenge Index-a novel measure of educational environment and family support based on the Child Cochlear Implant Profile. Multivariate and univariate analysis assessed predictors for association with intervention and receptive, expressive, and total language scores. RESULTS: Overall 82% of patients had cochlear implants. The median age at hearing intervention was 12 months. The sample was 59% female, 52% non-White, and 61% publicly insured, and 20% had a non-English primary home language. Accounting for multiple demographic and clinical predictors, a high Access Challenge Index score was independently associated with longer time to intervention (P = .01) and poorer language outcomes (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Access Challenge Index-a novel comprehensive measure of educational and family environment-is a strong independent predictor of language outcomes in children who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Aesthesiometer-Based Testing for Laryngopharyngeal Hyposensitivity.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To develop a method for threshold estimation of the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) response using Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: Twenty-two healthy adults (12 men, 10 women) were tested for LAR response outcome using 30 mm 5-0 and 4-0 nylon monofilaments. Tactile stimuli were delivered to the aryepiglottic (AE) fold and medial pyriform sinus (MPS). Dichotomous classifier features and performance (area under the curve (AUC)), the LAR response outcome agreement and disagreement matrix, and test-retest reliability were examined. From those data, a test protocol that would minimize patient burden to estimate the LAR triggering threshold was formulated. RESULTS: Classifier performance of 5-0 monofilament stimulation of the AE fold (sensitivity = 0.63, specificity = 0.63, PPV = 0.74, NPV = 0.25) and MPS (sensitivity = 0.45, specificity = 0.77, PPV = 0.74, NPV = 0.23,) was slightly below that of 4-0 monofilament stimulation of the AE fold (sensitivity = 0.82, specificity = 0.50, PPV = 0.82, NPV = 0.50) and MPS (sensitivity = 0.84, specificity = 0.64, PPV = 0.90, NPV = 0.56), based on AUC. LAR response outcome agreement for 5-0 and 4-0 stimulations was high (93%) for 5-0 positive response, but low (29%) for 5-0 negative response. Aesthesiometer test-retest reliability for LAR response outcome was excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Threshold estimation of the LAR response may be operationalized by adopting a decision tree protocol. For negative LAR response to initial 5-0 monofilament stimulation and positive response to subsequent 4-0 monofilament stimulation, the higher threshold is confirmed. Positive LAR response to 5-0 or 4-0 monofilament stimulation is expected in over 90% of asymptomatic adults. Negative LAR response to 4-0 monofilament stimulation identifies patients at risk for laryngopharyngeal hyposensitivity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3b Laryngoscope, 132:163-168, 2022.

Laryngeal Adductor Reflex Movement Latency Following Tactile Stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the latency of laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) motion onset at 2 laryngopharyngeal subsites using calibrated aesthesiometers. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Academic institution. METHODS: Twenty-one asymptomatic, healthy subjects (11 male, 10 female) underwent laryngopharyngeal sensory testing with tactile stimuli delivered to the aryepiglottic fold and medial pyriform sinus using 30-mm Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments (4-0 and 5-0 nylon sutures) via channeled flexible laryngoscope. The LAR onset latency, defined as the first visual detection of ipsilateral vocal fold adduction following tactile stimulation, was measured with frame-by-frame analysis of video recordings. RESULTS: The overall mean LAR latency across both subsites and stimulation forces was 176.6 (95% CI, 170.3-183.0) ms, without significant difference between subsites or forces. The critical value for LAR response latency prolongation at the .01 significance level was 244 ms. At 30 frames/s video capture resolution, LAR response latency ≥8 frame intervals would indicate abnormal prolongation. CONCLUSION: Aesthesiometer-triggered LAR latency appears to be invariant over an 8.7-dB force range and between the aryepiglottic fold and medial pyriform sinus subsites in controls. Laryngeal adductor reflex latency incongruences between stimulation forces or laryngopharyngeal subsites may serve as pathophysiological features to dissect mechanisms of upper aerodigestive tract disorders. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3B.

Botulinum toxin for chronic parotid sialadenitis: A case series and systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate salivary gland chemodenervation with botulinum toxin in chronic parotid sialadenitis. METHODS: Patients who underwent parotid gland chemodenervation for chronic sialadenitis due to duct stenosis refractory to siaendoscopy were reviewed (case series). Additionally, a systematic review of the literature on botulinum toxin injection for chronic parotid sialadenitis was performed. Inclusion criteria included studies containing original data on botulinum toxin injections in patients with chronic sialadenitis symptoms. RESULTS: Sialadenitis symptoms from 10 patients with 13 affected parotid glands were examined. All had duct stenosis diagnosed on sialendoscopy, refractory sialadenitis symptoms, and received parotid onabotulinum toxin injection(s) (median dose 65U). Of patients with 3-month follow-up, 78% reported significant improvement in symptoms. Mean Chronic Obstructive Sialadenitis Symptoms (COSS) Score improved at 3 months post-injection (47-25.9, P = .039) with significant reduction in gland pain frequency and gland swelling severity. No patients had a facial nerve paralysis or increased xerostomia. With the systematic review, 518 abstracts were reviewed and 11 studies met inclusion criteria and included case series or case reports with a total of 40 patients treated with botulinum toxin for chronic parotitis. Thirty-four out of a total of 35 patients in the studies (97%) reported complete (9, 26%) or partial (25, 71%) improvement in sialadenitis symptoms with minimal complications. CONCLUSION: Parotid gland chemodenervation with botulinum toxin is a minimally invasive treatment option for symptomatic chronic sialadenitis refractory to medical treatment or sialendoscopy. Botulinum toxin injections alleviate gland pain and swelling associated with salivary obstruction and provide an alternative to parotidectomy for recurrent sialadenitis.Level of evidence: 4.

Impact of surgical margins on local control in patients undergoing single-modality transoral robotic surgery for HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The impact of close surgical margins on oncologic outcomes in HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV + OPSCC) is unclear. METHODS: Retrospective case series including patients undergoing single modality transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for HPV + OPSCC at three academic medical centers from 2010 to 2019. Outcomes were compared between patients with close surgical margins (<1 mm or requiring re-resection) and clear margins using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients were included (median follow-up 21 months, range 6-121). Final margins were close in 22 (22.2%) patients, clear in 75 (75.8%), and positive in two (2.0%). Eight patients (8.1%) recurred, including two local recurrences (2.0%). Four patients died during the study period (4.0%). Local control (p = 0.470), disease-free survival (p = 0.513), and overall survival (p = 0.064) did not differ between patients with close and clear margins. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with close surgical margins after TORS for HPV + OPSCC without concurrent indications for adjuvant therapy may be considered for observation alone.

Temporalis Tendon Transfer/Lengthening Temporalis Myoplasty for Midfacial Static and Dynamic Reanimation After Head and Neck Oncologic Surgery.

Importance: Facial nerve paralysis is an unfortunate, yet relatively common sequela in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Static options for reanimation of the paralyzed midface and oral commissure offer limited quality-of-life improvement and may stretch over time. Reinnervation offers a prolonged recovery and may not be possible among patients with advanced cancer or in salvage situations. Objective: To determine the improvement in resting tone and dynamic excursion gained by use of temporalis tendon transfer (TTT) and lengthening temporalis myoplasty (LTM) for facial nerve reanimation among patients undergoing oncologic head and neck cancer surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants: We present the largest series of primary and secondary TTT operations with prolonged photographic and video-based data with analysis enabled by FaceGram open-source quantitative methodology. This was achieved using preoperative and postoperative digital photographs of each patient at rest and full smile excursion. Using the JAVA-based program Facegram v1.0, measurements were taken of the oral commissure in relation to a line tangent to the inferior border of the lower lip. All operations were performed at the University of California, San Francisco, following oncologic resections between April 2011 and June 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures: Quantitative analysis of facial measurement with Facegram. Results: Of the 32 patients in our series, 19 (59.4%) were male and 13 (40.6%) were female. The average age was 71.3 ± 10 years. There was a mean 4.89 mm (p < 0.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.78-6.99) increase in height of affected side oral commissure compared with preoperative measurements during full smile excursion, and a 3.05 mm (p < 0.04, 95% CI: 0.22-5.87) increase in horizontal excursion of smile vector. There was also a significant increase in static support at rest, measuring an average of 5.45 mm (p < 0.01, 95% CI: 2.56-8.33) and 2.71 mm (p < 0.04, 95% CI: 0.18-5.25) increase in affected oral commissure vertical and horizontal positions at rest, respectively. The average postoperative follow-up was 11.4 months (95% CI: 5.6-14.11). In addition, when compared with patients treated with postoperative radiation therapy (9 patients), those who received preoperative radiation (15 patients) had a significant improvement in the resting vertical height of the affected side (mean 5.32 mm (p < 0.05, 95% CI: 0.06-10.57)). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings encourage the use of TTT/LTM for facial nerve paralysis in appropriately selected head and neck oncologic patients.

PET/CT in Surgical Planning for Head and Neck Cancer.

Fluorine-18 (18F)-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography fused with computed tomography (PET/CT) is a valuable tool in surgical planning for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). If performed prior to biopsy or other surgical intervention, FDG-PET/CT has high sensitivity for the detection of the primary site in patients with cervical lymph node metastases from unknown primary origin and can be used to direct the surgical workup. FDG-PET/CT is superior to CT alone for detection of nodal metastases outside the expected pattern or distant metastases or second primary cancers and can greatly affect determination of appropriate management including surgical eligibility. Prior to the advent of PET/CT, many patients undergoing (chemo)radiation-based therapy had planned post-treatment neck dissection; FDG-PET/CT now has a proven role in the evaluation of recurrent or persistent disease amenable to salvage surgery and enables safe avoidance of planned postradiation neck dissection with a high negative predictive value. Specifically for this important application, two standardized reporting metrics may be used in the head and neck anatomic region: the "Hopkins criteria" and the "Neck Imaging Reporting and Data System"; both systems produce a formalized evaluation and recommendation based on PET/CT findings. The role of PET/CT as a replacement for elective neck dissection or examination under anesthesia remains controversial but deserves further study. FDG-PET/CT has a wide-ranging impact on the surgical management of patients with HNSCC and should be used routinely in patients with unknown primary nodal disease and those presenting with advanced-stage cancers at initial staging and to assess treatment response.

Communication Chaos from Discrepancies in Personal Protective Equipment and Preoperative Guidelines.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To compare personal protective equipment (PPE) guidelines, specifically respirator use, among international public health agencies, academic hospitals, and otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OHNS) departments in the United States for the care of coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) patients. STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional survey. METHODS: Review of publicly available public health and academic hospitals guidelines along with review of communication among otolaryngology departments. RESULTS: Among 114 academic institutions affiliated with OHNS residencies, 20 (17.5%) institutions provided public access to some form of guidance on PPE and 73 (64%) provided information on screening or diagnostic testing. PPE guidelines were uniquely described based on several variables: location of care, COVID-19 status, involvement of aerosol generating or high-risk procedures, and physical distance from the patient. Six hospital guidelines were highlighted. Across these six institutions, there was agreement that N95 respirators were needed for high-risk patients undergoing high-risk procedures. Variations existed among institutions for scenarios with low-risk patients. Definitions of the low-risk patient and high-risk procedures were inconsistent among institutions. Three of the highlighted institutions had OHNS departments recommending higher level of airway protection than the institution. CONCLUSIONS: OHNS departments typically had more stringent PPE guidance than their institution. Discrepancies in communicating PPE use were frequent and provide inconsistent information on how healthcare workers should protect themselves in the COVID-19 pandemic. Identification of these inconsistencies serves as an opportunity to standardize communication and develop evidence-based guidelines. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V Laryngoscope, 131:E746-E754, 2021.

Novel Adaptation of a Validated Tactile Aesthesiometer to Evaluate Laryngopharyngeal Sensation.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate laryngopharyngeal sensation at specific subsites using a novel adaptation of a buckling force aesthesiometer for delivery of calibrated tactile stimuli. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: Twenty-two healthy adults (12 men, 10 women) were tested for responses to tactile forces, using 30-mm 6-0, 5-0, and 4-0 nylon monofilaments to map sensation of the aryepiglottic (AE) fold, lateral pyriform sinus (PS), and medial PS bilaterally. The outcome measures were the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR) and patient reported rating of perceptual strength. RESULTS: Rates of triggered LAR response grew monotonically with increasing tactile force at a mean (SD) stimulus duration of 663 (164) msec across all three subsites. The AE fold and medial PS had similar profiles and were the most responsive, while the lateral PS was the least responsive. Low force (6-0) response rate was ≤14% for all subsites. High force (4-0) response rate was 91% for AE fold and medial PS, and 23% for lateral PS. The perceptual strength gradient was in the lateral to medial trajectory. CONCLUSION: Normative data for LAR response rates to low, medium, and high stimulation forces will be useful to assess sensory dysfunction in a variety of laryngopharyngeal disorders, including aspiration, dysphagia, chronic cough, and spasmodic dysphonia. In turn, that information will guide the creation of innovative treatments. LAR response profiles to low and high force stimuli will inform the development of screening tools to diagnose laryngopharyngeal hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity conditions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3b Laryngoscope, 131:1324-1331, 2021.

Immediate Voice and Swallowing Complaints Following Revision Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To report on the incidence of dysphagia, dysphonia, and acute vocal fold motion impairment (VFMI) following revision anterior cervical spine surgery, as well as to identify risk factors associated with acute VFMI in the immediate postoperative period. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary care center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All patients who underwent 2-team reoperative anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) were retrospectively reviewed. Incidence of dysphonia, dysphagia, and acute VFMI was noted. Patient and operative factors were evaluated for association with risk of acute VFMI. RESULTS: The incidence of postoperative dysphonia and dysphagia was 25% (18/72) and 52% (37/72), respectively. The incidence of immediate VFMI was 21% (15/72). Subjective postoperative dysphonia (odds ratio, [OR] 8; 95% CI, 2.2-28; P = .001) and dysphagia (OR, 22; 95% CI, 2.5-168; P = .005) were significantly associated with increased risk of VFMI. Three patients with VFMI required temporary injection medialization for voice complaints and/or aspiration. Infection (OR, 14; 95% CI, 1.4-147, P = .025) and level C7/T1 (OR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.3-23, P = .02) were significantly associated with an increased risk of acute VFMI on multivariate logistic regression analysis. Number of prior surgeries, laterality of approach, side of approach relative to prior operations, and number of levels exposed were not significant. CONCLUSION: Early involvement of an otolaryngologist in the care of a patient undergoing revision ACDF can be helpful to the patient in anticipation of voice and swallowing changes in the postoperative period. This may be particularly important in those being treated at C7/T1 or those with spinal infections.

Outcomes of sinonasal mucosal melanomas with endoscopic and open resection: a retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: To compare the outcomes of Sinonasal Mucosal Melanomas (SNMM) treated with endoscopic and open resection. METHODS: A retrospective case review of 20 patients with SNMM treated surgically at UCSF. Kaplan-Meier analyses were calculated to determine outcome differences in endoscopic vs. open resections. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2014, 20 cases of SNMM were confirmed and treated at UCSF. All cases underwent surgical resection, with 10 cases by open resection and 10 cases by endoscopic resection. Using Kaplan-Meier analyses, the open resection group had a 1-year survival of 30% whereas endoscopic resection group was 80% (p = 0.032). Endoscopic resection showed improved survival at all time points after surgery compared to open resection. CONCLUSION: SNMM is a rare and aggressive tumor that is associated with low survival rates. In this small case series, endoscopic resection had improved survival outcomes compared to open resection.

Long-Term Stability of Vascularized Adipofascial Flaps in Facial Reconstruction.

Objectives: To determine the quantitative volume change over time of vascularized adipofascial anterolateral thigh (AFALT) free flaps in facial reconstruction, and to evaluate patient factors that are associated with changes in volume. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on patients who underwent AFALT reconstruction for large volume parotid and midface defects after head and neck cancer surgery at a single tertiary care hospital from 2011 to 2018. Flap volume was measured at different time points using 3D Slicer, a free open source software for medical image computing. Trends in volume change over time were evaluated. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze patient factors associated with mean final volume change. Results: Twenty-one patients were included. The median follow-up period from surgery was 17 months (interquartile range [IQR] = 9-25 months). The first imaging study was obtained a median of 3 months after surgery (IQR = 1-4 months). The majority of patients underwent postoperative radiation (20/21, 95%). Mean final total volume percentage change over time was 96.6% (standard deviation = 21.7%). After controlling for age, smoking history, recurrence, and length of follow-up, a reduction in body mass index (BMI) ≥1.5 U from baseline had the greatest association with mean final volume percentage change (ß -31, 95% confidence interval: -52 to -11, p = 0.005). Conclusions: Free tissue transfer using AFALT flaps in the head and neck provided relatively stable volume maintenance over time, even after postoperative radiation. The volume of transplanted fat can change depending on patient factors, such as BMI.

Molecular Diagnostics in Human Papillomavirus-Related Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma continues to increase. Accurate diagnosis of the HPV status of a tumor is vital, as HPV+ versus HPV- tumors represent two unique biological and clinical entities with different treatment strategies. High-risk HPV subtypes encode oncoproteins E6 and E7 that disrupt cellular senescence and ultimately drive tumorigenesis. Current methods for detection of HPV take advantage of this established oncogenic pathway and detect HPV at various biological stages. This review article provides an overview of the existing technologies employed for the detection of HPV and their current or potential future role in management and prognostication.