Patient choice for high-volume center radiation impacts head and neck cancer outcome.

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest treatment outcomes may vary between high (HVC)- and low-volume centers (LVC). Radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC) requires weeks of treatment, the inconvenience of which may influence a patient's choice for treatment location. We hypothesized that receipt of RT for HNC at a HVC would influence outcomes compared to patients evaluated at a HVC, but who chose to receive RT at a LVC. METHODS: From 1998 to 2011, 1930 HNC patients were evaluated at a HVC and then treated with RT at either a HVC or LVC. Time-to-event outcomes and treatment factors were compared. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 34 months. RT was delivered at a HVC for 1368 (71%) patients and at a LVC in 562 (29%). Patients were more likely to choose HVC-RT if they resided in the HVC's county or required definitive RT (all P < 0.001). HVC-RT was associated with a significant improvement in 3-year LRC (84% vs 68%), DFS (68% vs 48%), and OS (72% vs 57%) (all P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis (MVA), HVC-RT independently predicted for improved LRC, DFS, and OS (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients evaluated at a HVC, the choice of RT location was primarily influenced by their residing distance from the HVC. HVC-RT was associated with improvements in LRC, DFS, and OS in HNC. As treatment planning and delivery are technically demanding in HNC, the choice to undergo treatment at a HVC may result in more optimal delivered dose, RT duration, and outcome.

Staged reconstruction brachytherapy has lower overall cost in recurrent soft-tissue sarcoma.

PURPOSE: Adjuvant brachytherapy (AB) with immediate (IR) and staged reconstruction (SR) are distinct treatment modalities available for patients with recurrent soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Although SR may offer local control and toxicity benefit, it requires additional upfront procedures, and there is no evidence that it improves overall survival. With the importance of value-based care, our goal is to identify which technique is more cost effective. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 22 patients with recurrent extremity STS treated with resection followed by AB alone. Hospital charges were used to compare the cost between SR and IR at the time of initial treatment, at 6-month intervals following surgery, and cumulative cost comparisons at 18 months. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 31 months. Staged reconstruction (n = 12) was associated with an 18-month local control benefit (85% vs. 42%, p = 0.034), compared to IR (n = 10). Staged reconstruction had a longer hospital stay during initial treatment (10 vs. 3 days, p = 0.002), but at 18 months, the total hospital stay was no longer different (11 vs. 11 days). Initially, there was no difference in the cost of SR and IR. With longer follow-up, cost eventually favored SR, which was attributed primarily to the costs associated with local failure (LF). On multivariate analysis, cost of initial treatment was associated with length of hospital stay (~$4.5K per hospital day, p < 0.001), and at 18 months, the cumulative cost was ~175K lower with SR (p = 0.005) and $58K higher with LF (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In recurrent STS, SR has a longer initial hospital stay when compared to IR. At 18 months, SR had lower rates of LF, translating to lower total costs for the patient. SR is the more cost-effective brachytherapy approach in the treatment of STS, and should be considered as healthcare transitions into value-based medicine.

Predictors and survival for pathologic tumor response grade in borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer treated with induction chemotherapy and neoadjuvant stereotactic body radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant therapy response correlates with survival in multiple gastrointestinal malignancies. To potentially augment neoadjuvant response for pancreas adenocarcinoma, we intensified treatment with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) following multi-agent chemotherapy. Using this regimen, we analyzed whether the College of American Pathology (CAP) tumor regression grade (TRG) at pancreatectomy correlated with established response biomarkers and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified borderline resectable (BRPC) and locally advanced (LAPC) pancreatic cancer patients treated according to our institutional clinical pathway who underwent surgical resection with reported TRG (n = 81, median follow-up after surgery 24.2 months). Patients had baseline CA19-9, computed tomography (CT), endoscopic ultrasound, and FDG positron emission tomography (PET)/CT then underwent multi-agent chemotherapy (79% with three cycles of gemcitabine, docetaxel and capecitabine) followed by 5-fraction SBRT. They then underwent restaging CT, PET/CT and CA19-9. Overall (OS) and progression-free (PFS) survival were estimated and compared by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods. Univariate ordinal logistic regression correlated TRG with baseline, restaging and change in CA19-9 and the PET maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). RESULTS: Restaging level and decrease in CA19-9 correlated with improved TRG (p = .02 for both) as did restaging SUVmax (p < .01), yet there was no TRG correlation with decrease in SUVmax (p = .10) or CT response (p = .30). The TRG groups had similar OS and PFS except the TRG 0 (complete response) group. Compared to partial response levels (TRG 1-3, median OS 33.9 months, median PFS 13.0 months), the six (7%) patients with TRG 0 had no deaths (p = .05) and only one progression (p = .03). A group of 10 (12%) TRG 1 patients with only residual isolated tumor cells had similar outcomes to the other TRG 1-3 patients. CONCLUSION: Pre-operative PET-CT and CA19-9 response correlate with histopathologic tumor regression. Patients with complete pathologic response have superior outcomes, suggesting a rationale for intensification and personalization of neoadjuvant therapy in BRPC and LAPC.

Increased acute mortality with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer in patients ≥70years.

PURPOSE: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the standard of care for many sites of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (LAHNC). However, on meta-analysis, the addition of chemotherapy did not improve survival for patients >70years. We hypothesized that elderly patients treated with CRT would have increased toxicity without similar improvements in survival. METHODS: A single-institution, IRB-approved retrospective study took place from 2005 to 2012 including 369 patients treated with CRT for LAHNC. Multivariate models for death at 3months and death over time were developed using logistic regression and Cox modeling, respectively. RESULTS: Patients ≥70years were treated less often with concurrent cisplatin dosed every 3weeks (25.5% vs. 71.4%, respectively) and more often with weekly carboplatin (31.9% vs. 3.4%) than patients <70years (n=322; p<0.001). Patients ≥70years experienced increased toxicity during treatment with more frequently hospitalizations (36.2% vs. 21.1%; p=0.02) and a lower rate of PEG removal at last follow-up or death (77.1% vs. 92.9%; p=0.004). A higher proportion of patients ≥70years died within 3months (12.8% vs. 2.8%; p=0.001) following CRT. Patients ≥70 had an increased risk of death at 3months following CRT (odds ratio 5.19, 95% CI 1.64-16.41; p=0.005) and worse survival over time (hazard ratio 2.30, 95% CI 1.34-3.93; p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Patients ≥70years were more often treated with less toxic chemotherapy, yet experienced higher rates of hospitalization during treatment and increased rates of acute mortality following CRT. The efficacy of chemoradiotherapy for elderly patients should be evaluated in a prospective setting.

Effect of body mass index on operative outcome after robotic-assisted Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy: retrospective analysis of 129 cases at a single high-volume tertiary care center.

The impact of body weight on outcomes after robotic-assisted esophageal surgery for cancer has not been studied. We examined the short-term operative outcomes in patients according to their body mass index following robotic-assisted Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy at a high-volume tertiary-care referral cancer center and evaluated the safety of robotic surgery in patients with an elevated body mass index. A retrospective review of all patients who underwent robotic-assisted Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy between April 2010 and June 2013 for pathologically confirmed distal esophageal cancer was conducted. Patient demographics, clinicopathologic data, and operative outcomes were collected. We stratified body mass index at admission for surgery according to World Health Organization criteria; normal range is defined as a body mass index range of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. Overweight is defined as a body mass index range of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 and obesity is defined as a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 and above. Statistics were calculated using Pearson's Chi-square and Pearson's correlation coefficient tests with a P-value of 0.05 or less for significance. One hundred and twenty-nine patients (103 men, 26 women) with median age of 67 (30-84) years were included. The majority of patients, 76% (N = 98) received neoadjuvant therapy. When stratified by body mass index, 28 (22%) were normal weight, 56 (43%) were overweight, and 45 (35%) were obese. All patients had R0 resection. Median operating room time was 407 (239-694) minutes. When stratified by body mass index, medians of operating room time across the normal weight, overweight and obese groups were 387 (254-660) minutes, 395 (310-645) minutes and 445 (239-694), respectively. Median estimated blood loss (EBL) was 150 (25-600) cc. When stratified by body mass index, medians of EBL across the normal weight, overweight and obese groups were 100 (50-500) cc, 150 (25-600) cc and 150 (25-600), respectively. Obesity significantly correlated with longer operating room time (P = 0.05) but without significant increased EBL (P = 0.348). Among the three body mass index groups there was no difference in postoperative complications including thrombotic events (pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis) (P = 0.266), pneumonia (P = 0.189), anastomotic leak (P = 0.090), wound infection (P = 0.390), any cardiac events (P = 0.793) or 30 days mortality (P = 0.414). Our data study demonstrates that patients with esophageal cancer and an elevated body mass index undergoing robotic-assisted Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy have increased operative times but no significantly increased EBL during the procedure. Other potential morbidities did not differ with the robotic approach.

Treatment delays, race, and outcomes in head and neck cancer.

PURPOSE: Patient race has been shown to predict for differences in outcomes and has been attributed to socioeconomic factors such as social support and access to healthcare. In head and neck cancer (HNC), a disease without recommended screening, we sought to investigate the association between race, treatment delays and outcome. METHODS: Records of 1802 patients with non-metastatic squamous cell HNC treated between 1998 and 2013 were retrospectively assessed from an institutional database. Patient demographics, tumor and treatment characteristics, and patient outcomes were abstracted from the chart. Differences between groups were assessed via logistic regression multivariate analysis (MVA). Outcomes including locoregional control (LRC) and overall survival (OS) were then estimated via Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression MVA. RESULTS: Median follow up was 34 months. Patient races included white (n=1671, 93%), black (n=80, 4%), Asian (n=18, 1%), and other (n=33, 2%). On logistic regression MVA, Black patients were less likely to be married (39% vs. 63%; OR 0.5 95%CI 0.30-0.83, p=0.007) or be currently employed (43% vs. 61%; OR 0.44 95%CI 0.26-0.74, p=0.002) when compared to non-blacks. Black patients were also younger (54 vs. 59 years, p=0.001), more likely to present with advanced tumor stage (T4: 48% vs. 25%), and more often had >45days elapsed from diagnosis to treatment initiation (DTI) (61% vs. 49%, p=0.028). Delays in treatment, such as delayed diagnosis (advanced disease presentation) and delays in DTI>45days were also associated with marital and employment status. Black patients were associated with a lower 3-year LRC rate (65% vs. 81%, p<0.001) and OS rate (43% vs. 69%, p<0.001), compared to non-black patients. Patients with >45days DTI had a detriment in 3-year LRC (77% vs. 83%, p=0.002) and OS (66% vs. 69%, p=0.009). On Cox MVA, black race was independently prognostic for worse LRC (HR 1.62 95%CI 1.04-2.51, p=0.033) and OS (HR 1.55 95%CI 1.15-2.08, p=0.004) vs. non-blacks. CONCLUSION: Black race is independently prognostic for LRC and OS. Delays in HNC treatment, such as more advanced tumor stage presentation and delays in treatment initiation, may be attributed to socioeconomic factors such as employment status and social support. Efforts to accommodate these factors may expedite treatment, in hopes of improving the race related outcome disparity in HNC.

Having Medicaid insurance negatively impacts outcomes in patients with head and neck malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Patients covered by Medicaid insurance appear to have poorer cancer outcomes. Herein, the authors sought to test whether Medicaid was associated with worse outcomes among patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). METHODS: The records of 1698 patients with squamous cell HNC without distant metastatic disease were retrospectively reviewed from an institutional database between 1998 and 2011. At the time of diagnosis, insurance status was categorized as Medicaid, Medicare/other government insurance, or private insurance. Outcomes including locoregional control (LRC) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression multivariate analysis (MVA). RESULTS: The median follow-up for all patients was 35 months. Medicaid patients comprised 11% of the population; the remaining patients were privately insured (56%) or had Medicare/government insurance (34%). On MVA, Medicaid patients were younger, were current smokers, had higher tumor T and N classifications, and experienced a longer time from diagnosis to treatment initiation (all P<.005). Medicaid insurance status was associated with a deficit of 13% in LRC (69% vs 82%) and 26% in OS (46% vs 72%) at 3 years (all with P<.001). A time from diagnosis to treatment initiation of >45 days was found to be associated with worse 3-year LRC (77% vs 83%; P = .009) and OS (68% vs 71%; P = .008). On MVA, Medicaid remained associated with a deficit in LRC (P = .002) and OS (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Medicaid insurance more often present with locally advanced HNC and experience a higher rate of treatment delays compared with non-Medicaid patients. Medicaid insurance status appears to be independently associated with deficits in LRC and OS. Improvements in the health care system, such as expediting treatment initiation, may improve the outcomes of patients with HNC. Cancer 2016;122:3529-3537. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

Favorable perioperative outcomes after resection of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer treated with neoadjuvant stereotactic radiation and chemotherapy compared with upfront pancreatectomy for resectable cancer.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) are utilized to increase margin negative (R0) resection rates in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) or locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) patients. Concerns persist that these neoadjuvant therapies may worsen perioperative morbidities and mortality. METHODS: Upfront resection patients (n=241) underwent resection without neoadjuvant treatment for resectable disease. They were compared to BRPC or LAPC patients (n=61) who underwent resection after chemotherapy and 5 fraction SBRT. Group comparisons were performed by Mann-Whitney U or Fisher's exact test. Overall Survival (OS) was estimated by Kaplan-Meier and compared by log-rank methods. RESULTS: In the neoadjuvant therapy group, there was significantly higher T classification, N classification, and vascular resection/repair rate. Surgical positive margin rate was lower after neoadjuvant therapy (3.3% vs. 16.2%, P=0.006). Post-operative morbidities (39.3% vs. 31.1%, P=0.226) and 90-day mortality (2% vs. 4%, P=0.693) were similar between the groups. Median OS was 33.5 months in the neoadjuvant therapy group compared to 23.1 months in upfront resection patients who received adjuvant treatment (P=0.057). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with BRPC or LAPC and sufficient response to neoadjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy and SBRT have similar or improved peri-operative and long-term survival outcomes compared to upfront resection patients.

Management of Oropharyngeal Cancer in the HPV Era.

BACKGROUND: Historically, oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) has been attributed to risk factors such as smoking and alcohol use. The increased incidence of OPC has been driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. METHODS: A search of the literature involving HPV infection and OPC was performed, along with a search of ongoing clinical trials regarding HPV-positive OPC. RESULTS: This review summarizes the differences in epidemiology and prognosis of HPV-positive OPC compared with non-HPV-related OPC. It will also discuss use of de-escalating treatment to minimize toxicity while maintaining excellent outcomes. Disease management is also addressed, including prevention and follow-up recommendations for this cohort of patients. CONCLUSIONS: HPV-positive OPC is a distinct disease, and efforts should be made to personalize its management. Preventive measures and vaccinations, along with de-escalation of treatment, may help optimize outcomes in this population.

Management of BCC and SCC of the Head and Neck.

BACKGROUND: For decades radiotherapy (RT) has been shown to treat skin cancers; however, the indications, delivery methods, and techniques for RT continue to evolve. METHODS: Relevant prospective and retrospective reports were reviewed that addressed outcomes with, indications for, and delivery techniques used with RT for the management of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. RESULTS: Rates of local control higher than 90% are typically achievable for early-stage BCC and SCC of the head and neck. RT is often recommended for tumors located in cosmetically or functionally sensitive areas of the face, for patients who cannot tolerate anesthesia, for those taking anticoagulants, or for patients who prefer RT to other treatment options. A wide range of radiation doses, daily fractionation schedules, and radiation techniques have been shown to be effective for management. In general, postoperative local radiation is recommended following excision for patients with high-risk factors, including those whose tumors have close or positive margins, perineural invasion, invasion of the bone or nerves, or those with recurrent disease. CONCLUSIONS: RT plays an integral role in the treatment of primary and postoperative cutaneous BCC and SCC of the head and neck. Prospective trials are in progress to address the roles of concurrent systemic therapy and RT for both cutaneous BCC and SCC.

Determining optimal follow-up in the management of human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Determining the optimal follow-up for patients can help maximize the use of health care resources. This is particularly true in a growing epidemic such as human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+OPSCC). The objective of the current study was to evaluate time to disease recurrence or late toxicity in this cohort of patients to optimize patient management. METHODS: An institutional database identified 232 patients with biopsy-proven, nonmetastatic HPV+OPSCC who were treated with radiotherapy. A retrospective review was conducted in patients who were followed every 3 months for the first year, every 4 months in year 2, and every 6 months in years 3 to 5. Late toxicity (grade ≥ 3; toxicity was scored based on National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 4]), locoregional control, distant control, and overall survival were assessed. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 33 months. Based on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0129 study risk groupings, patients were either considered to be at low (162 patients; 70%) or intermediate (70 patients; 30%) risk. Concurrent systemic therapy was used in 85% of patients (196 patients). The 3-year locoregional control, distant control, and overall survival rates were 94%, 91%, and 91%, respectively. Late toxicity occurred in 9% of patients (21 patients). Overall, 64% of toxicity and failure events occurred within the first 6 months of follow-up, with a < 2% event incidence noted at each subsequent follow-up. Only 4 patients experienced their first event after 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: HPV+OPSCC has a low risk of disease recurrence and late toxicity after treatment; approximately two-thirds of events occur within the first 6 months of follow-up. These data suggest that it may be reasonable to reduce follow-up in patients with HPV+OPSCC to every 3 months for the first 6 months, every 6 months for the first 2 years, and annually thereafter.

Outcomes of mucosal melanoma of the head and neck.

INTRODUCTION: Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck is a rare disease with limited data available on outcomes; therefore, we reviewed our institutional experience. METHODS: An institutional database was queried and 38 patients with head and neck mucosal melanoma were identified. Charts were abstracted and local control (LC), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated. RESULTS: Most patients had T4 disease (86%), although nodes were positive in 11%. En bloc or endoscopic resection was performed on 93%. Adjuvant or definitive radiotherapy to a median dose of 60 Gy was utilized in 90%. Chemotherapy was given in 21%, and 16% received interferon. Three-year LC, PFS and OS were 90%, 48% and 59%, respectively. Median OS was 4.6 years. Site of first failure was distant in 52% of cases. CONCLUSION: With aggressive therapy median OS was 4.6 years in this cohort. Distant recurrence remains the primary mode of failure. It may be reasonable to include mucosal melanoma patients in trials of systemic agents along with high-risk cutaneous melanomas.

Health-related quality-of-life changes due to high-dose-rate brachytherapy, low-dose-rate brachytherapy, or intensity-modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To compare urinary, bowel, and sexual health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) changes due to high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy, low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy, or intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) monotherapy for prostate cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between January 2002 and September 2013, 413 low-risk or favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients were treated with HDR brachytherapy monotherapy to 2700-2800 cGy in two fractions (n = 85), iodine-125 LDR brachytherapy monotherapy to 14,500 cGy in one fraction (n = 249), or IMRT monotherapy to 7400-8100 cGy in 37-45 fractions (n = 79) without pelvic lymph node irradiation. No androgen deprivation therapy was given. Patients used an international prostate symptoms score questionnaire, an expanded prostate cancer index composite-26 bowel questionnaire, and a sexual health inventory for men questionnaire to assess their urinary, bowel, and sexual HRQOL, respectively, pretreatment and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months posttreatment. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 32 months. HDR brachytherapy and IMRT patients had significantly less deterioration in their urinary HRQOL than LDR brachytherapy patients at 1 and 3 months after irradiation. The only significant decrease in bowel HRQOL between the groups was seen 18 months after treatment, at which point IMRT patients had a slight, but significant, deterioration in their bowel HRQOL compared with HDR and LDR brachytherapy patients. HDR brachytherapy patients had worse sexual HRQOL than both LDR brachytherapy and IMRT patients after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: IMRT and HDR brachytherapy cause less severe acute worsening of urinary HRQOL than LDR brachytherapy. However, IMRT causes a slight, but significant, worsening of bowel HRQOL compared with HDR and LDR brachytherapy.

Potential role for LINAC-based stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of 5 or more radioresistant melanoma brain metastases.

OBJECT: Linear accelerator (LINAC)-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a treatment option for patients with melanoma in whom brain metastases have developed. Very limited data are available on treating patients with ≥5 lesions. The authors sought to determine the effectiveness of SRS in patients with ≥5 melanoma brain metastases. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of metastatic melanoma treated with SRS in a single treatment session for ≥5 lesions was performed. Magnetic resonance imaging studies were reviewed post-SRS to evaluate local control (LC). Disease progression on imaging was defined using the 2009 Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Survival curves were calculated from the date of brain metastases diagnosis or the date of SRS by using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method. Univariate and multivariate analysis (UVA and MVA, respectively) were performed using the Cox proportional-hazards model. RESULTS: The authors identified 149 metastatic brain lesions treated in 28 patients. The median patient age was 60.5 years (range 38-83 years), and the majority of patients (24 [85.7%]) had extracranial metastases. Four patients (14.3%) had received previous whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT), and 11 (39.3%) had undergone previous SRS. The median planning target volume (PTV) was 0.34 cm3 (range 0.01-12.5 cm3). Median follow-up was 6.3 months (range 1-46 months). At the time of treatment, 7% of patients were categorized as recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) Class I, 89% as RPA Class II, and 4% as RPA Class III. The rate of local failure was 11.4%. Kaplan-Meier LC estimates at 6 and 12 months were 91.3% and 82.2%, respectively. A PTV volume≥0.34 cm3 was a significant predictor of local failure on UVA (HR 16.1, 95% CI 3.2-292.6, p<0.0001) and MVA (HR 14.8, 95% CI 3.0-268.5, p=0.0002). Sixteen patients (57.1%) were noted to have distant failure in the brain with a median time to failure of 3 months (range 1-15 months). Nine patients with distant failures received WBRT, and 7 received additional SRS. Median overall survival (OS) was 9.4 and 7.6 months from the date of brain metastases diagnosis and the date of SRS, respectively. The KM OS estimates at 6 and 12 months were 57.8% and 28.2%, respectively, from the time of SRS treatment. The RPA class was a significant predictor of KM OS estimates from the date of treatment (p=0.02). Patients who did not receive WBRT after SRS treatment had decreased OS on MVA (HR 3.5, 95% CI 1.1-12.0, p=0.03), and patients who did not receive WBRT prior to SRS had improved OS (HR 0.11, 95% CI 0.02-0.53, p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Stereotactic radiosurgery for ≥5 lesions appears to be effective for selected patients with metastatic melanoma, offering excellent LC. This is particularly important for patients as new targeted systemic agents are improving outcomes but still have limited efficacy within the central nervous system.

Dosimetric coverage of the prostate, normal tissue sparing, and acute toxicity with high-dose-rate brachytherapy for large prostate volumes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate dosimetric coverage of the prostate, normal tissue sparing, and acute toxicity with HDR brachytherapy for large prostate volumes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and two prostate cancer patients with prostate volumes >50 mL (range: 5-29 mL) were treated with high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy ± intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to 4,500 cGy in 25 daily fractions between 2009 and 2013. HDR brachytherapy monotherapy doses consisted of two 1,350-1,400 cGy fractions separated by 2-3 weeks, and HDR brachytherapy boost doses consisted of two 950-1,150 cGy fractions separated by 4 weeks. Twelve of 32 (38%) unfavorable intermediate risk, high risk, and very high risk patients received androgen deprivation therapy. Acute toxicity was graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 14 months. Dosimetric goals were achieved in over 90% of cases. Three of 102 (3%) patients developed Grade 2 acute proctitis. No variables were significantly associated with Grade 2 acute proctitis. Seventeen of 102 (17%) patients developed Grade 2 acute urinary retention. American Urological Association (AUA) symptom score was the only variable significantly associated with Grade 2 acute urinary retention (p=0.04). There was no ≥ Grade 3 acute toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Dosimetric coverage of the prostate and normal tissue sparing were adequate in patients with prostate volumes >50 mL. Higher pre-treatment AUA symptom scores increased the relative risk of Grade 2 acute urinary retention. However, the overall incidence of acute toxicity was acceptable in patients with large prostate volumes.

Dosimetric Coverage of the Prostate, Normal Tissue Sparing, and Acute Toxicity with High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy for Large Prostate Volumes

To evaluate dosimetric coverage of the prostate, normal tissue sparing, and acute toxicity with HDR brachytherapy for large prostate volumes.

Quality of life after high-dose-rate brachytherapy monotherapy for prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: There is little information in the literature on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) changes due to high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy monotherapy for prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of HRQOL changes due to HDR brachytherapy monotherapy for low risk or favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer. Sixty-four of 84 (76 %) patients who were treated between February 2011 and April 2013 completed 50 questions comprising the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) before treatment and 6 and/or 12 months after treatment. RESULTS: Six months after treatment, there was a significant decrease (p <0.05) in EPIC urinary, bowel, and sexual scores, including urinary overall, urinary function, urinary bother, urinary irritative, bowel overall, bowel bother, sexual overall, and sexual bother scores. By one year after treatment, EPIC urinary, bowel, and sexual scores had increased and only the bowel overall and bowel bother scores remained significantly below baseline values. CONCLUSIONS: HDR brachytherapy monotherapy is well-tolerated in patients with low and favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer. EPIC urinary and sexual domain scores returned to close to baseline 12 months after HDR brachytherapy.

Comparison of every 3 week cisplatin or weekly cetuximab with concurrent radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin dosed every 3 weeks (CIS) or weekly cetuximab (CTX) concurrent with radiotherapy are standards of care for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNC). Retrospective comparisons of CIS and CTX have offered mixed conclusions. We compared outcomes between CIS and CTX in this patient population. METHODS: Between January 2006 and December 2011, we identified 279 patients who underwent definitive radiotherapy and concurrent systemic therapy for LAHNC. The median age difference between the CIS and CTX groups was relatively small (58 vs. 62 years, respectively) and CIS patients had a slightly higher rate of N2 disease than CTX patients (74% vs. 61%, respectively). RESULTS: Median follow-up was 27 months. Systemic therapy consisted of CIS in 241 (86.4%) and CTX in 38 (13.6%). Actuarial locoregional control of the CIS and CTX groups at 2 years were 91% and 90% (p=0.74), respectively. Actuarial 2 year distant metastasis rates between the groups were 8% and 12%, respectively (p=0.55), and actuarial 2 year overall survival between the groups were 87% and 89%, respectively (p=0.47). CONCLUSIONS: We found no difference in locoregional control, distant metastasis rate, or overall survival between patients treated with concurrent CIS or CTX.

Long-term outcomes of induction chemotherapy and neoadjuvant stereotactic body radiotherapy for borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: Limited data are available to guide neoadjuvant treatment of borderline resectable (BRPC) and locally advanced (LAPC) pancreatic cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We updated our institutional outcomes with a neoadjuvant chemotherapy and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) approach. An IRB-approved analysis was performed of all BRPC and LAPC patients treated with our departmental treatment protocol. After staging, medically fit patients underwent chemotherapy for 2-3 months, with regimen at the discretion of the treating medical oncologist. Patients then received SBRT delivered in five consecutive daily fractions with median total radiation doses of 30 Gy to tumor and 40 Gy dose painted to tumor-vessel interfaces. This was followed by restaging imaging for possible resection. Overall survival (OS), event free survival (EFS), and locoregional control (LRC) rates were estimated and compared by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank methods. RESULTS: We identified 159 patients, 110 BRPC and 49 LAPC, with 14.0 months median overall follow-up. The resection and margin negative (R0) rate for BRPC patients who completed neoadjuvant therapy was 51% and 96%, respectively. Estimated median OS was 19.2 months for BRPC patients and 15.0 months for LAPC patients (p = 0.402). Median OS was 34.2 months for surgically resected patients versus 14.0 months for unresected patients (p < 0.001). Five of 21 (24%) LAPC patients receiving FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy underwent R0 resection. In LAPC, FOLFIRINOX recipients underwent R0 resection more often than other chemotherapy recipients (5 of 21 vs. 0 of 28, p = 0.011). There was a trend for improved survival in those resected LAPC patients (p = 0.09). For those not undergoing resection, one year LRC was 78%. Any grade ≥ 3 potentially radiation-related toxicity rate was 7%. CONCLUSIONS: These data underscore the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of neoadjuvant SBRT and chemotherapy for BRPC and LAPC.

Quality of life after high-dose-rate brachytherapy monotherapy for prostate cancer

Purpose There is little information in the literature on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) changes due to high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy monotherapy for prostate cancer. Materials and Methods We conducted a prospective study of HRQOL changes due to HDR brachytherapy monotherapy for low risk or favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer. Sixty-four of 84 (76%) patients who were treated between February 2011 and April 2013 completed 50 questions comprising the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) before treatment and 6 and/or 12 months after treatment. Results Six months after treatment, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in EPIC urinary, bowel, and sexual scores, including urinary overall, urinary function, urinary bother, urinary irritative, bowel overall, bowel bother, sexual overall, and sexual bother scores. By one year after treatment, EPIC urinary, bowel, and sexual scores had increased and only the bowel overall and bowel bother scores remained significantly below baseline values. Conclusions HDR brachytherapy monotherapy is well-tolerated in patients with low and favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer. EPIC urinary and sexual domain scores returned to close to baseline 12 months after HDR brachytherapy. .