ABSTRACT
AIMS: To evaluate the proportion of patients hospitalised in an acute psychiatric ward associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2, along with their clinical features. METHODS: Retrospective audit. K2 use was based on self-report. RESULTS: Seventeen patients had a total of 21 admissions during between January and April 2013; this represented 13% of all admissions to the ward during this time. This was a first hospitalisation for 4 patients. Of the 13 patients with previous psychiatric hospitalisation, 9 patients had recurrences of pre-existing disorders, and 4 patients presented new psychotic symptoms. Presenting symptoms were variable, and included psychotic (paranoia, thought disorder, disorganised behaviour), affective (anxious, depressed) disturbances, and/or intense suicidal thinking/behaviour. Mean duration of admission was 8.5 days, with significantly longer durations for those presenting with psychotic symptoms (13.1 vs 4.4 days). CONCLUSIONS: In this case series, use of K2 was associated with significant psychotoxicity requiring hospitalisation, and indicates substantial risk associated with use of synthetic cannabinoids.
Subject(s)
Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/adverse effects , Cannabinoids/adverse effects , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Illicit Drugs/adverse effects , Mental Disorders/chemically induced , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/therapy , New Zealand , Retrospective Studies , Self Report , Time Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Surgeons have recently started to use computer-aided surgery (CAS) to assist with maxillofacial reconstructive surgery. This study evaluates four different CAS registration strategies in the maxillofacial skeleton. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen fiducial markers were placed on each of four cadaveric heads. Four registration protocols were used: 1) group 1-invasive markers, 2) group 2-skin surface, 3) group 3-bony landmark, 4) group 4-intraoral splint. Two observers registered each head twice with each of the four protocols and measured the target registration error (TRE). The process was repeated on two different navigation systems for confirmation. RESULTS: The mean TRE values were: invasive, 1.13 +/- 0.05 mm (P < 0.05); skin, 2.03 +/- 0.07 mm (P < 0.05); bone, 3.17 +/- 0.10 mm (P < 0.05); and splint, 3.79 +/- 0.13 mm (P < 0.05). The TRE values were consistent across CAS systems. CONCLUSION: Of the techniques tested for CAS registration, invasive fiducial markers are the most accurate. Skin surface landmarks, bony landmarks, and an intraoral splint are incrementally less accurate.
