[Influence of the general data protection regulation on data quality in registry data collection : Selection bias due to data protection requirements and the impact on key indicators for measuring the quality of care in a level 1 trauma center]. / Einfluss der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung auf die Datenqualität bei der Erhebung von Registerdaten : Selektionsbias aufgrund datenschutzrechtlicher Anforderungen und dessen Auswirkungen auf Kennzahlen zur Messung der Versorgungsqualität am Beispiel eines überregionalen Traumazentrums.

BACKGROUND: Due to the new general data protection regulations (GDPR), the requirements for correct patient information on the documentation of pseudonymized data in a registry have increased enormously. In particular, written consent applies to the TraumaRegister DGU® as it is not always possible to get written permission from severely injured patients in acute situations. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the influence of undocumented cases due to a lack of clarification on the standardized mortality rate (SMR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 2019, 274 patients meeting the criteria of the baseline dataset were retrospectively recorded. In the remaining 197 patients, the RISC II score could be calculated in all cases. In addition, due to state-specific law, all deceased patients were documented in our trauma center. RESULTS: In this study with 197 primary care patients (72% male), 147 (74,6%) were informed and gave permission or died and were subsequently documented. The predicted mortality, actual mortality and SMR were 18.5%, 19.0% and 1.03, respectively. For patients who were not informed (n = 50), the predicted mortality, actual mortality, and SMR were 7.0%, 0% and 0. When these cases are included, the SMR is significantly more favorable at 0.93. CONCLUSION: Due to the lack of written consent from surviving patients, only about 75% of all patients at Leipzig University Hospital could be documented for the TraumaRegister DGU®. On the other hand, since the local legal situation permits registry documentation of deceased patients, this has a detrimental effect on the standardized mortality rate (SMR), which is about 10% higher in our collective than it actually is.

[Transport of ventilated emergency patients from the air rescue service to the hospital destination (HOVER study) : Results of an online survey]. / Transport beatmeter Notfallpatienten vom Hubschrauber zum Krankenhauszielort (HOVER-Studie) : Ergebnisse einer Onlineumfrage.

BACKGROUND: In Germany more than 110,000 helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) missions are carried out annually. A considerable number of patients are ventilated during the flight. So far, structured surveys with respect to the ground transport from the helipad to the hospital facility and handover of ventilated patients in the emergency room (ER) are not available in the German-speaking HEMS system. The handover of ventilated HEMS patients in the ER (HOVER I study) explored the use of the helicopter ventilator and medical equipment during the transport from the hospital landing site to the ER. METHOD: After approval by the HEMS operators, emergency medical doctors and HEMS technical crew members (HEMS-TC) of 145 German-speaking HEMS bases were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey (period: 1 February 2018-1 March 2018). Each participant was only allowed to submit the survey once. RESULTS: Data of 569 participants were completely analyzed, with responses from 429 emergency physicians and 140 HEMS-TC (75% from Germany, 13% Switzerland, 11% Austria, 1% Italy and Luxembourg). The most frequent type of aircraft used was the Eurocopter (EC)/Airbus helicopter (H) 135 (60.5%) followed by the EC/H 145 (33%). The majority of the respondents (53%) principally used the helicopter ventilator machine for patient transport from the helipad to the ER, 38% used it depending on the circumstances and 7% never used it. Of the participants 52% always took the emergency backpack for patient transport to the ER, 43% depending on the situation and 5% never took it along. The availability of oxygen or a ventilator at the helipad was considered to be helpful (59% and 45%, respectively), obligatory (25% and 14%, respectively) but was also considered unnecessary by some participants (16% and 40%, respectively). The collection of the HEMS team by a hospital team at the helipad was rated as helpful (64%) or mandatory (19%), 12% considered it to be unimportant and 5% even disturbing. For most respondents (58.5%) the responsibility for the patient ended after a structured handover on reaching the internal hospital target area (e.g. the ER). CONCLUSION: The management of the handover of ventilated emergency patients in German-speaking HEMS is heterogeneously structured. Only approximately 50% of the participants frequently carried the helicopter ventilator and emergency equipment during patient transport to the ER. Depending on the situation, more than 90% of the respondents used the helicopter ventilator and emergency backpack during the transport. The collection of the HEMS team by a hospital team at the helipad was appreciated by the majority of participants. The use of the helicopter ventilator for patient transport to the ER needs to be explored in future studies. The study was registered at the Research Registry ( www.researchregistry.com ) under the following number: researchregistry2925.

[Anaesthesia procedures and invasive vascular access in severely injured patients at trauma room admission in Germany : An online survey]. / Anästhesiologisches Vorgehen und invasive Gefäßzugänge bei der klinischen Erstversorgung von schwer verletzten Patienten in Deutschland : Onlineumfrage.

BACKGROUND: The continuous monitoring of vital parameters and subsequent therapy belong to the core duties of anaesthetists during acute trauma resuscitation in the trauma room. Important procedures may include placement of arterial lines and central venous catheters (CVCs). Knowledge of indication, performance and localization of invasive catheterisation of trauma care in Germany is scarce. METHODS: After approval of the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine we conducted an online survey about arterial and central venous catheterisation of severely injured patients with consideration of common practice used by anaesthetists in German trauma rooms. Data are presented in a descriptive manner. RESULTS: Of 843 hospitals invited for the survey, 72 (8.5%) had complete and valid data and were thus included in the analysis. Of these, 47% were supra-regional (level 1) trauma centres, 38% regional trauma centres and 15% local trauma centres. The annual mean injury severity score (ISS) of admitted patients to these hospitals was 21 ± 10. In the trauma room, the responding hospitals place CVCs (49%) and arterial lines (59%) only in haemodynamically unstable patients, whereas 24% (CVC) and 39% (arterial line) do when pathological laboratory tests were confirmed. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) merely exist for placement of either arterial lines (25%) or CVCs (22%) in multiple trauma resuscitation. The decision to perform CVC or arterial line placement is usually (79%) at the discretion of the attending anaesthetist. The preferred anatomical access site for CVCs is the right internal jugular vein (46%) and for arterial lines the radial artery (without side preference) (57%), respectively. Of the responding hospitals, 49% prefer landmark-guided CVC-puncture (91% of arterial lines) instead of 43% using sonographic guidance (9% of arterial lines). Intravascular electrocardiography monitoring for CVC tip detection is used by 36%. CONCLUSION: In Germany, medical indication and schedule of invasive vascular catheterisation of severely injured patients in the trauma room is rarely regulated by SOPs and often performed at the discretion of the attending trauma team. Sonographic assistance during vascular puncture and electrocardiography for CVC tip detection is not as common as in non-emergency anaesthesia. Further studies are required to explore the real necessity and safety of invasive vascular catheterisation in multiple trauma patients in order to improve trauma care.

Clinical presentation and blood gas analysis of multiple trauma patients for prediction of standard coagulation parameters at emergency department arrival.

OBJECTIVES: Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) in multiple trauma patients is a potentially lethal complication. Whether quickly available laboratory parameters using point-of-care (POC) blood gas analysis (BGA) may serve as surrogate parameters for standard coagulation parameters is unknown. The present study evaluated TraumaRegister DGU® of the German Trauma Society for correlations between POC BGA parameters and standard coagulation parameters. METHODS: In the setting of 197 trauma centres (172 in Germany), 86,442 patients were analysed between 2005 and 2012. Of these, 40,129 (72% men) with a mean age 46 ± 21 years underwent further analysis presenting with direct admission from the scene of the accident to a trauma centre, injury severity score (ISS) ≥ 9, complete data available for the calculation of revised injury severity classification prognosis, and blood samples with valid haemoglobin (Hb) measurements taken immediately after emergency department (ED) admission. Correlations between standard coagulation parameters and POC BGA parameters (Hb, base excess [BE], lactate) were tested using Pearson's test with a two-tailed significance level of p < 0.05. A subgroup analysis including patients with ISS > 16, ISS > 25, ISS > 16 and shock at ED admission, and patients with massive transfusion was likewise carried out. RESULTS: Correlations were found between Hb and prothrombin time (r = 0.497; p < 0.01), Hb and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT; r = -0.414; p < 0.01), and Hb and platelet count (PLT; r = 0.301; p < 0.01). Patients presenting with ISS ≥ 16 and shock (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg) at ED admission (n = 4,329) revealed the strongest correlations between Hb and prothrombin time (r = 0.570; p < 0.01), Hb and aPTT (r = -0.457; p < 0.01), and Hb and PLT (r = 0.412; p < 0.01). Significant correlations were also found between BE and prothrombin time (r = -0.365; p < 0.01), and BE and aPTT (r = 0.327, p < 0.01). No correlations were found between Hb, BE and lactate lactate. CONCLUSIONS: POC BGA parameters Hb and BE of multiple trauma patients correlated with standard coagulation parameters in a large database analysis. These correlations were particularly strong in multiple trauma patients presenting with ISS > 16 and shock at ED admission. This may be relevant for hospitals with delayed availability of coagulation studies and those without viscoelastic POC devices. Future studies may determine whether clinical presentation/BGA-oriented coagulation therapy is an appropriate tool for improving outcomes after major trauma.

Results of an open posterior bone block procedure for recurrent posterior shoulder instability after a short- and long-time follow-up.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to analyse and compare the clinical and radiological results after open posterior bone block procedure at long- (LT) and short-term (ST) follow-up. The hypothesis was that placement of a bone block at the posterior glenoid rim in a technique of extending the glenoid surface will create permanent joint stability even in cases with hyperlaxity without a clinically relevant loss of motion or increase in osteoarthritis. METHODS: Fifteen consecutive shoulders with recurrent posterior dislocation were evaluated clinically and radiologically. The Rowe score, Western Ontario Shoulder Index, Walch-Duplay score and the Constant-Murley score were used for clinical evaluation. The patients were categorized according to their follow-up period as either ST follow-up (min 12 months) or LT follow-up (min 42 months). RESULTS: The clinical results showed no significant difference between ST (9) and LT (6) with good to very good overall results in the subjective as well as the objective scores (CS, RS, WDS). At LT, most patients felt mild to minor pain under strain. The difference in pain between the groups was not significant. Active ranges of motion and strength assessments were normal in all cases. In one case, recurrent dislocations occurred after bone graft resorption 6 months post-operatively. Only one patient presented mild osteoarthritis, without further progress at follow-up. CONCLUSION: The open posterior bone block procedure can be a successful treatment option for recurrent posterior shoulder instability at ST and LT follow-up. This series showed a low rate of recurrent dislocations without development or progression of osteoarthritis. Since soft tissue procedures do not always provide satisfying results, the posterior bone block augmentation presents a reliable technique for the treatment of symptomatic posterior instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case Series, Treatment Study, Level IV.

[Arthroscopic posterior shoulder stabilization with an iliac bone graft and capsular repair]. / Arthroskopische posteriore Schulterstabilisierung mit Knochenblock und Kapselrekonstruktion.

OBJECTIVE: Arthroscopic posterior shoulder stabilization with an iliac bone graft and capsulolabral repair, which should combine the pre-existing open procedure with the advantages of improved arthroscopic visualization. INDICATIONS: Posterior instability with concomitant pathologies (e.g. capsular insufficiency, posterior Bankart lesion, posterior glenoid dysplasia) and recurrent posterior instability after failed soft tissue reconstruction. CONTRAINDICATIONS: Instability osteoarthritis, locked posterior shoulder dislocation, large reverse Hill-Sachs lesion, extended posterior defect of the glenoid. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: After arthroscopic evaluation of the shoulder joint and treatment of concomitant pathologies, a tricortical bone graft is harvested from the iliac crest. The posterior capsule is arthroscopically detached from the labrum and the posterior deltoid and rotator cuff are split in line of the muscle fibers. Then the bone graft is positioned and fixed to the posterior scapular neck as an extension of the articular glenoid surface. Thereafter, capsular reconstruction is performed after insertion of suture anchors in the posterior glenoid rim. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: During the first 6 weeks 60° of abduction and flexion are permitted without any rotation and full range of motion is developed gradually. Internal rotation is allowed after 8 weeks and return to sports after 12 weeks. RESULTS: For posterior shoulder instability 13 of these operations were performed in our hospital since 2011. Until now, no recurrent instability was observed. After remodelling of the graft, one patient complained about posterior soft tissue irritation so the screws were removed.

[Trauma bay haemoglobin level. Predictor of coagulation disorder in major trauma]. / Schockraumhämoglobin. Prädiktor für eine Gerinnungsstörung beim Traumapatienten.

BACKGROUND: Trauma-induced coagulopathy is common in patients with major trauma and requires early and appropriate treatment for bleeding control. Even in emergency laboratory, the availability of standard coagulation tests is associated with certain latencies and devices for viscoelastic haemostasis diagnosis (thromboelastometry) are not routinely established in major trauma centres. PURPOSE: We searched for a laboratory parameter with fast availability by point of care blood gas analysis and reliable correlation with coagulation parameters. METHODS: We analyzed the trauma patients of a single level one trauma centre from 2005-2011 and particularly evaluated the correlation between haemoglobin (Hb) and coagulation parameters and the correlation of Hb and parameters indicating tissue perfusion. All patients who were directly admitted from the scene of an accident to the trauma centre had an injury severity score (ISS) > 9, had a complete revised injury severity classification (RISC) and blood samples that were taken in the emergency department (ED) immediately after admission were included. Correlations were tested using the Pearson test (r) with a two-tailed significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 425 patients met inclusion criteria presenting with a mean age of 43 years, 76% male gender and mean ISS of 30.4. Significant correlation (p < 0.01) between Hb and prothrombin time (Quick) (r = 0.652), Hb and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) (r = - 0.434), Hb and platelet count (r = 0.501) and Hb and base excess (BE) (0.408) was found. No significant correlation between Hb and lactate was found. CONCLUSION: We found a robust correlation of Hb and Quick in a single centre trauma population. These data suggest that especially severely injured trauma patients with persistent bleeding might benefit from an Hb-based algorithm for early correction of coagulation disorders. Further studies with larger trauma populations are required to confirm our findings.

[Glenohumeral arthrolysis of the osteoarthritic shoulder in anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty]. / Glenohumerale Arthrolyse der Omarthroseschulter bei anatomischer Schulterprothesenimplantation.

AIM OF THE OPERATION: Pain reduction and improvement of range of motion. INDICATIONS: Primary and secondary osteoarthritis, unsuccessful conservative treatment, limited range of motion with capsular contraction. CONTRAINDICATIONS: General contraindications for anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty. Instability arthritis without capsular contraction. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE: Deltopectoral approach. Detachment and release of the subscapularis tendon at the lesser tuberosity, incision of the anterior and inferior humeral sided capsule and osteophyte removal, humeral head resection and stem preparation. Glenoid exposure, capsular an labral resection. Glenoid surface preparation and prosthetic component implantation. Anatomical placement of the the humeral head without overstuffing. Implantation of the final humeral stem. Transosseous refixation of the subscapularis tendon. Wound closure. FOLLOW-UP TREATMENT: Abduction brace for 4 weeks. Assisted motion starting the first postoperative day during the first 6 weeks: anteversion/ retroversion 90-0-0°, abduction/ adduction 90-0-20°, internal/external rotation 90-0-individual limitation. Subsequent development of full range of motion. RESULTS: In 2009 and 2010 anatomical total shoulder arthroplasty with glenohumeral arthrolysis was performed in 53 cases. At an average follow up of 32 months the Constant score and range of motion improved significantly. The complication rate was 9%.

[Stability versus mobility of the shoulder. Biomechanical aspects in athletes]. / Stabilität versus Mobilität der Schulter. Biomechanische Aspekte beim Sportler.

The demand profile of athletes shoulders is high. On the one hand the shoulder has to provide a maximum active range of motion that allows rapid movements of the arm and on the other hand it has to be sufficiently stabilized to decelerate rapid movements and to neutralize the resulting translational forces. Two general types of instability can be differentiated in athletes shoulders: the macroinstability typically occurring in athletes involved in contact sports and the microinstability occurring in athletes involved in overhead sports.Repetitive abduction and external rotation movements of athletes involved in overhead sports lead to adaptation of the glenohumeral joint capsule and ligaments. The anterior capsule becomes stretched while the posterior capsule develops tightness. These adaptations can result in an anterior microinstability as well as posterosuperior impingement (PSI) which implicates a pathological contact of the posterosuperior rotator cuff with the posterior glenoid and which is also associated with SLAP lesions. In contrast the shoulders of swimmers are prone to anterosuperior impingement because the arm stroke involves a forceful combined anteflexion, adduction and internal rotation of the arm.The macroinstability of contact athletes is caused by sufficient trauma and characterized by a structural lesion of capsulolabral or bony lesion. While the empirical recurrence risk of young contact athletes is already high, it can be further impaired by bony defects of the glenoid. In suspected cases, critical glenoid defects should be quantified by computed tomography (CT) scans and treated by bony augmentation of the glenoid.

Impact of BMI on serum estradiol and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive early breast cancer treated with anastrozole.

PURPOSE: Obesity increases the risk of all-cause and breast cancer mortality. As obese patients have higher levels of aromatase enzyme activity, conflicting results on the effect of body mass index (BMI) of a standard dose aromatase inhibitor on estradiol depletion have been reported. METHODS: We prospectively investigated the effect of BMI on the efficacy of anastrozole in 70 postmenopausal women with early, ER-positive breast cancer to decrease serum estradiol assessed by a high-sensitive assay with a sensitivity limit of 5 pg/ml over 24 months. Additionally, we examined the changes of bone markers expecting an inverse relationship. RESULTS: Overall, estradiol decreased from 12.6 pg/ml (SD = 5.4) to 4.0 pg/ml (SD = 5.6) over 24 months (p < 0.001). In contrast, carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX) and serum aminoterminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) increased from 0.26 ng/ml (SD = 0.18) to 0.40 ng/ml (SD = 0.24) and 41.5 ng/ml (SD = 19.7) to 59.1 ng/ml (SD = 29.1) (p < 0.0001 for both). Baseline estradiol comprised significant differences comparing normal weight with overweight (p < 0.01) or obese patients (p < 0.001). After 12 and 24 months, overweight and obese patients showed a slightly, but insignificantly higher concentrations of estradiol compared to normal weight subjects. We found differences of CTX in comparison between normal weight and obese patients (0.33 vs. 0.21 ng/ml; p < 0.023) at baseline. At 12 and 24 months, there was a significant BMI-independent increase in CTX. CONCLUSIONS: Estradiol concentrations in postmenopausal women with early, ER-positive breast cancer on anastrozole were significantly different in normal weight versus overweight or obese patients at baseline, but not at 12 and 24 months. CTX and PINP present a notable increase in the first 12 months of anastrozole treatment, stabilizing thereafter.

Fungal infections in burns: a comprehensive review.

Burn wound infections remain the most important factor limiting survival in burn intensive care units. Large wound surface, impaired immune systems, and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy contribute to the growth of opportunistic fungal species. Faced with challenging fluid resuscitation, wound excision and cardiopulmonary stabilization, mycosis in burns are likely to be underestimated. Diagnostic performance can sometimes be delayed because clinical signs are unspecific and differentiation between colonization and infection is difficult. Therapeutic measures range from infection prophylaxis over treatment with antifungal agents towards radical amputation of infected limbs. New methods of early and reliable detection of fungal organisms, as well as the use of novel antifungal substances, are promising but require wider establishment to confirm the beneficial effects in burn patients. This review aims to highlight the main important aspects of fungal infections in burns including incidence, infection control, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, prognosis and outcomes.

Les infections de plaies des brûlures restent le facteur le plus important qui limite la survie dans des unités de soins intensifs des brûlures. Une plaie grande, une immunodépression, et une antibiothérapie à large spectre contribuent à la croissance des espèces fongiques opportunistes. Face à la réanimation liquidienne difficile, l'excision de la plaie et la stabilisation cardiorespiratoire, les mycoses des brûlures sont susceptibles d'être sous-estimées. Le rendement diagnostic peut parfois être retardé car des signes cliniques ne sont pas spécifiques et la différenciation entre la colonization et l'infection est difficile. Les mesures thérapeutiques vont de la prévention des infections au traitement avec des agents antifongiques vers amputation radicale des branches infectées. De nouvelles méthodes de détection précoce et fiable d'organismes fongiques, ainsi que l'utilisation de nouvelles substances antifongiques, sont prometteuses mais on a besoin de plus exemples pour confirmer les effets bénéfiques chez les patients brûlés. Cette revue a pour but de mettre en évidence les principaux aspects importants des infections fongiques chez les brûlures, y compris l'incidence, la lutte contre les infections, les approches diagnostiques et thérapeutiques, le pronostic et les résultats.

[Desmopressin (Minirin) in multiple trauma--a case report]. / Desmopressin (Minirin) beim schweren Trauma--eine Fallbeschreibung.

Bleeding and clotting disturbances are not uncommon in trauma patients and require an early and consequent therapy. Under the prevalent pathophysiological circumstances of hypothermia, acidosis and clotting disturbances, desmopressin seems to be a possible option to control diffuse bleeding. We report about 2 trauma patients with diffuse bleeding and in whom desmopressin was used successfully to control bleeding from the point of view of the authors. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of desmopressin in the 2 patients.

Cross-over endovascular retrieval of a lost guide wire from the subclavian vein.

BACKGROUND: The lost guidewire in central venous catheterization is a commonly described complication. The percutaneous endovascular retrieval method is safe and has a very low complication rate. OBJECTIVES: Guidewires extending to the inferior cava vein are usually retrieved via the femoral vein. Under special circumstances, femoral venous access may be impossible and alternative vascular approaches are required. CASE REPORT: We report a case in which we used an alternative vascular approach, from the subclavian site contralateral to the insertion, in a patient with extensive inguinal burn injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Cross-over subclavian retrieval can be an alternative approach for retrieval of a lost guidewire, but it involves an increased risk of puncture-related complications such as pneumothorax.

[Misleading anisocoria in a comatose 15-year-old with head injury]. / Irreführende Anisokorie bei komatöser 15-Jähriger mit Kopfverletzung.

Anisocoria after blunt head trauma, associated with altered vigilance, is not unusually assumed to expanding intracranial mass lesion. Obvious signs of head-trauma and vomiting might strengthen this diagnosis. We report from an unconscious 15-year-old girl (Glasgow-Coma-Scale score 3) that showed these symptoms secondary after head-trauma due to alcohol intoxication but turned out to be misleading after cranial computed tomography (CT). Surprisingly, an artificial eye was found that previously remained undetected in clinical examination. Artificial eyes implemented after enucleation therapy in retinoblastoma or eye-trauma are nowadays perfectly fitting. Prehospital discrimination of artificial eyes and natural eyes might be difficult in comatose emergency patients. Neurological examination should check corneal reflex and manual palpation of the bulbus. Independent from anisocoria, patients presenting GCS 3 and head injury need rapid admission to CT-diagnostic, neurosurgical treatment respectively.