[Morphologic and molecular aspects of the interaction of platelets with elements of the vascular wall]. / Morfologicheskie i molekuliarnye aspekty vzaimodeistviia trombotsitov s élementami sosudistoi stenki.

The review presents and analyzes the data available on the structure and functions of adhesive proteins, Willebrand's factor, fibrinogen, thrombospondin, and fibronectin, their secretion and interaction with blood cells and subendothelial matrix in the focus of endothelial desquamation. A structural similarity of these modular glycoproteins, their domain structure-related functions, distinctive features of cellular reception are shown. The authors also consider structural changes in platelets in their activation, rearrangement of glycoprotein complexes IIb/IIIa on the membrane for binding adhesive proteins, role of these proteins in the organization of reversible and stabilized cellular aggregates and their location in the area of the damaged endothelium. The evidence is given for one of the most important mechanisms of limiting the platelet formation-activation system of C protein, which is mediated through thrombin binding to endothelial thrombomodulin. Hemostatic abnormalities occur with congenital defects in the structure of adhesive factors or their receptors while protein deficiency in the C protein system results in formation of thromboses.

[Methodological problems of the diagnosis of pathomorphological processes]. / Metodologicheskie voprosy diagnostiki patomorfologicheskikh protsessov.

The authors hold that clinical, intravital clinicomorphological and postmortem morphological diagnosis should be based on methodological approaches of dialectical materialism providing clear-cut understanding of logical analysis and synthesis of pathological processes operable in the human body. Such understanding will promote recognition of qualitatively new clinical and morphological signs differentiating the conceptions of illness from health. Noteworthy also is algorithmization of biopsy processing which, as an objective method, is strongly recommended for introduction into the research and clinical practice of the clinical pathologists.

[Fibronectin and its role in granuloma formation]. / Fibronektin i ego rol' v granulemoobrazovanii.

Fibronectin (F) is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein widely presented on the cell surface of fibroblasts, monocytes, endothelial cells and several types of other cells. It is also available in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue and in plasma. Active biologically, F is involved in cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate adhesion, migration and differentiation of cells, maintenance of cellular structure, wound healing, blood coagulation and opsonic function. In addition, F has a special affinity to collagen, heparin, fibrin and fibrinogen. The above properties suggest F relevance to evolution of productive inflammation and granuloma development. The studies of F presentation, distribution, localization, concentration, function and influence on cell transformation throughout different stages of granuloma evolution can be helpful in elucidation of so far obscure traits of granuloma histogenesis.

[60 years in pathologic anatomy]. / 60 let v patologicheskoi anatomii.

A. I. Strukov--Hero of Socialist Labour, Lenin prize winner, Honoured Scientist, Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences has been involved in a pathological anatomy for 60 years. He started studying this discipline when a student, and his first teacher was Professor V. A. Afanasyev. After a short period of work as an assistant of a Chair of Pathological Anatomy in Voronezh A. I. Strukov became a chief of a department of pathology in N. A. Semashko City Hospital in Tula. Simultaneously he attended, by correspondence, a postgraduate course in a Chair of Pathological Anatomy headed by Prof. A. I. Abrikosov at the First Moscow University. Later A. I. Strukov moved to Moscow where he started working in a laboratory of pathology of the Central Institute of Tuberculosis of the USSR Ministry of Health, headed by Prof. V. G. Stefko. He inherited from his chiefs the interest to the problem of tuberculosis and, for many years, he has been studying, together with his students, the details of morpho- and pathogenesis and pathomorphosis of this disease. The results of these studies were published in a number of monographs and journals and were included into candidate and doctor theses. A. I. Strukov developed a clinico-morphological classification of tuberculosis recognised by pathologists and clinicians of the USSR. Since 1933 A. I. Strukov worked as an assistant of A. I. Abrikosov's chair and was elected a chief of the Pathological Anatomy Chair of the First Kharkov Medical Institute. He spent the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) in Orenburg where the Kharkov Medical Institute was evacuated. Here on the basis of local civil and military hospitals, teaching, clinical and scientific work of the institute chairs, including that of pathological anatomy, was developed. A. I. Strukov returned to Moscow in 1944, worked in Prof. V. G. Shtefko's laboratory, then was elected a Professor of a Chair of Pathological Anatomy in the First Moscow Medical Institute. In 1953, after A. I. Abrikosov has retired, A. I. Strukov became the chief of this most prominent chair of pathological anatomy in the country. Continuing the traditions of A. I. Abrikosov's school, A. I. Strukov investigates with his students various problems of pathology (tuberculosis, rheumatic diseases), develops a concept of systemic and progressing disorganisation of connective tissue in rheumatic diseases, continues studying the pathology of broncho-pulmonary lesions, cardio-vascular diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. / Sindrom priobretennogo immunnogo defitsita.

Literature data on etiology, immune disorders, pathological anatomy of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was analysed. AIDS is a low-contagious disease, is most likely caused by retrovirus HTLV-III affecting a subpopulation of T-lymphocytes helpers. The disease develops in a small number of persons with antibodies to the mentioned virus, first of all, in homosexuals, drug addicts using parenteral administration of drugs; in patients with hemophilia. The progress of the disease is relatively slow, but at present the outcome of most AIDS cases is fatal. The main cause of mortality is association of intercurrent infectious diseases (viral, parasitic, fungal, bacterial) on the background of the impaired immunity. The autopsy picture is non-specific. The authors pay attention to the high frequency of Kaposi sarcoma among the patients with AIDS. Besides such diagnostic features as presence of antibodies to HTLV-III retrovirus and the clinical picture one should take into account changes in the lymph nodes, presence of viral particles in their bioptates, a high level of alpha-thymosin, a drastic reduction of T-lymphocytes in blood and especially of T-lymphocytes helpers.

[Transbronchial biopsy in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and certain other interstitial lung diseases]. / Transbronkhial'naia biopsiia v diagnostike sarkoidoza i nekotorykh drugikh interstitsial'nykh zabolevanii legkikh.

Results of transbronchial pulmonary biopsy studies of patients of different sex and age suffering from interstitial pulmonary lesion are presented. Different diagnostic value of transbronchial pulmonary biopsy (TBBP) is shown in relation to different lesions. In case of sarcoidosis its informative value, for example, is high, while in the diffuse processes such as cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, the data allow only suggestive diagnosis and recommendation of an open lung biopsy. In chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases TBBP helps to clarify the character and the activity of the process involved. In some cases it is possible to reveal a latent cancer. It is suggested to use the term "allergic alveolitis" (indicating the mechanism of development of changes mentioned) when such changes as alveolitis, small granulemas and intraalveolar outgrowths are found in the biopsy specimens.

[Microcirculation in rheumatic mitral stenosis (clinico-morphological research by lung biopsies)]. / Mikrotsirkuliatsiia pri revmaticheskom mitral'nom stenoze (kliniko-morfologicheskoe issledovanie po bioptatam legkikh).

The study of the microcirculation in lung and visceral pleura biopsies from patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis showed the involvement of all parts of the microcirculatory system including intra- and extravascular alterations and changes of the vascular wall as well as its lymphatic part. As the pressure in the small circulation circle increased and arterial hypertension established enhancement of the vascular reconstruction, rheological disturbances and dyscoagulation in the pulmonary microvessels took place. All this resulted in hemodynamic and metabolic homeostasis disturbances in the pulmonary artery system and, consequently, in the establishment of lung hypertension.

[Theoretical concepts of modern pathology (a critique of their medical philosophical foundations)]. / O nekotorykh teoreticheskikh kontseptsiiakh sovremennoi patologii (kritika ikh mediko-filosofskikh obosnovanii).

Separation of theoretical pathology into an independent branch of science seems to be justified and creation of the Centre of Theoretical pathology in the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences is due and useful. As W. Doerr truly states, the theoretical pathology seems to be over the pathological physiology and general pathology, exerts additional functions, studies questions of the methodology in pathology, defines more exactly and analyzes the notion of disease, other concepts and terms, clarifies early preclinical and clinical disease manifestations, determines sociological and psychological factors of disease. However, we are not in full agreement with our colleagues from the FRG in the definition of "disease" and in the interpretation of such categories as "spirit", "soul", "psychic". K. Rotschuh' suggestion to consider the disease in terms of "body-soul" appears to be interesting but to be productive, it must be linked with the problems of medical psychology. W. Doerr and his colleagues support the dualistic concepts of human nature which is unacceptable for us; they claim that the understanding of the theoretical pathology essence is possible only on the basis of theleology and spirit (theology). As the highest commencenment on the way of the theoretical pathology recognition W. Doerr's categorical declaration that theoretical pathology based on the "gestalttheorie" returns scientists, as he writes" to their great delight, to the possibility of studying "spiritual essence of the disease". In W. Doerr's opinion, studying the concept of theoretical pathology "from the spiritual point of view" will ensure its brilliant future. Of course, we, Soviet pathologists and philosophers, do not reject the significance of the integrity theory in the meaning of the disease psycophysiological integrity, yet we decidedly reject any idealistic concepts. W. Doeer and his colleagues are right that the theoretical pathology stimulates the search of the approaches to the solution of complex biomedical problems, favours the creation of more precise definitions and terminology. Likewise, W. Doerr is right that he sharply condemns the attempts of some pathologists to substitute qualitative differences in pathological processes by quantitative ones; this may result, in his view, in one-sided erroneous conclusions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[The deterministic concept of human diseases]. / Determinatsionnaia kontseptsiia boleznei cheloveka.

Human disease is a complex systemic event, the theoretical analysis of which requires application of the methodological appratus of investigation. As such, the authors used the concept of Marxist-Leninist determinism. The latter is a system of universal interconnections and causative dependence of natural events, society, and human diseases in particular. Analysis of human diseases from the position of the Marxist-Leninist theory of determinism is one of the basic problems of the theory of pathology. A logical analysis of evolutionary, systemic, morphological and causative determinism is given which characterizes on the whole human diseases.

[Problems of pathological anatomy within the framework of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences during the 40 years of its existence (1944-1984)]. / Razrabotka problem patologicheskoi anatomii v sisteme Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR za 40 let ee sushchestvovaniia (1944-1984).

The authors summarized the results of research in the field of pathology carried out within the framework of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences for 40 years of its existence, from 1944 to 1984. The main directions of this research are defined and the role of outstanding Soviet pathologists who created their scientific schools and who made an important contribution into various problems of pathology is pointed out. The continuity between the traditional and modern trends of investigations carried out by means of both classical and the most recent methods of the structural-functional analysis is shown. Particular attention by the scientists of the Academy during the whole period of its existence has been drawn to the problems of general pathology, the discussion of the philosophical-methodological aspects of modern medicine and the criticism of modern reactionary bourgeois trends in biology and medicine.

[Morphology, pathogenesis and classification of interstitial lung diseases]. / Morfologiia, patogenez, klassifikatsiia interstitsial'nykh zabolevanii legkikh.

The current literature data and the authors' material on the interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are presented. The authors' material includes the results of morphological (light and electron microscopy) examination of 36 intrabronchial biopsies in ILD patients, 2 open biopsies, 6 autopsy cases and lungs of laboratory animals with various forms of the bronchoalveolar sclerosis and interstitial pneumonia. ILD is shown to be a chronic inflammatory lung condition with a cooperation between the immunocompetent and inflammatory cells in the alveolar septa and fibrosis of the alveolar walls. The disturbance of the immune homeostasis, particularly that of cell immunity, plays a role in the ILD pathogenesis. Complex intercellular relationships, in which the mediators of cell-to-cell interaction are of importance, are being established in the alveolar interstitium. This makes ILD morphology resembling that of the immune inflammation in other organs. So-called "neutrophilic alveolitis" induced by the immune complexes is of great importance in the pathogenesis of certain diffuse ILD forms, for example, the cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. The "neutrophilic alveolitis" is characterized by the presence of few neutrophils among the mononuclear cells infiltrating the alveolar septa. The alterations of the arteries, veins and capillaries in ILD may be subdivided into haemodynamic and inflammatory. ILD can be reproduced experimentally by either intravenous or intratracheal administration of antigen.

[Microcirculation and inflammation]. / Mikrotsirkuliatsiia i vospalenie.

On the basis of the literature analysis and own observations the author concludes that the process of inflammation involves all the components of the microcirculatory bed and the endothelial lining: arterioles, blood precapillaries, capillaries, postcapillaries, venules, lymph capillaries, systems of the interstitial tissue channels as well as the connective tissue rich in hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans. The emergence of all cardinal signs of inflammation is associated with damage of different components of the microcirculatory bed. Intensive peroxidation of lipids ("oxidative stress") was observed in the focus of inflammation. Microcirculatory disorders in the inflammation focus are always synchronously accompanied by activation of blood plasma protein systems: coagulation, anticoagulation, kinin, complementary.

[Leukocyte cytoskeleton under normal and pathological conditions]. / Kletochnyi skelet leikotsitov v norme i patologii.

Like other cells, leukocytes have the cellular skeleton comprising microtubules, actine, myosine, and intermediate filaments. Elements of the cellular skeleton are connected with receptors on the plasma membrane surface and determine the distribution density of these receptors. There is functional relationship between microtubules and actine filaments, in particular, microtubules determine uniform distribution of actine filaments in the cell cytoplasm. The basic principle of functioning of the cellular skeleton consists of the process of polymerization and reversible depolymerization of proteins forming components of the cellular skeleton. These processes are regulated by Ca2+, calmoduline, as well as by the ratio of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and guanidine monophosphate in the cell. The cellular skeleton determines the most important functions of leukocytes: their mobility, binding and absorption of various substances, processes of degranulation, fusion of granules with phagocytic vacuole. Cellular skeleton defects are accompanied by recurrent bacterial infections. Several such defects are known: leukocyte actine dysfunction syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, syndrome with marked increase in the content of cGMP and microtubules in leukocytes. In these syndromes, the therapeutic effect is achieved with the substances which regulate the level of cyclic nucleotides in leukocytes, among them large doses of ascorbic acid.