ABSTRACT
This paper describes the effects of murine norovirus (MNV) infection on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in mice. This study uses histopathological assays, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant markers, and total oxidative status and capacity (TOS, TAC). The results suggest that MNV infection can lead to significant changes with respect to the above-mentioned parameters in various organs. Specifically, reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were observed in liver tissues, while higher MnSOD activity was observed in kidney tissues of MNV-infected mice when compared to the control. GR activity was lower in all tissues of MNV-infected mice tested, with the exception of lung tissue. This study also showed that norovirus infection led to increased TOS levels in the brain and liver and TAC levels in the brain, while TOS levels were significantly reduced in the kidneys. These changes may be due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by the viral infection. ROS can damage cells and contribute to oxidative stress. These studies help us to understand the pathogenesis of MNV infection and its potential effects on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in mice, and pave the way for further studies of the long-term effects of MNV infection.
Subject(s)
Norovirus , Oxidative Stress , Animals , Mice , Reactive Oxygen Species , Antioxidants , Biological AssayABSTRACT
The presented paper describes the drug delivery devices which can be considered as advanced or potentially "intelligent". Due to the current development state and the legal problems of implantable drug releasing electronic devices the review is limited to the systems which delivers drugs through the skin or mucosa. The article shows the principle of operation and some construction details of such devices. It also discusses the possible methods of sampling body fluids across the drug delivery barriers to introduce a feedback loop which is necessary to react on the metabolic process in the human body and their malfunctioning. In the near future presented devices will evolve towards the highly sophisticated systems which will monitor our metabolism and deliver necessary drugs and hormones in the precisely calculated doses to regulate our body functions without absorbing our attention.
Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems , Mucous Membrane/metabolism , Skin/metabolism , Administration, Cutaneous , Administration, Mucosal , Animals , Drug Delivery Systems/instrumentation , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Drug Delivery Systems/trends , Drug Monitoring/instrumentation , Drug Monitoring/methods , Equipment Design , Humans , Iontophoresis , PhonophoresisABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to investigate and to better understand the properties of buccal mucosa as a semipermeable membrane and a portal for drug administration by iontophoretic and electroosmotic means. In vitro experiments showed that buccal mucosa at the pH of about 7.4 behaved as a cation-exchange membrane and non-linear resistor. It had lower resistance and was more permeable for water than a skin. The electroosmotic volume flow through mucosa depended on current density, mucosa resistance and electrolyte concentration. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (in concentration range 0.001-0.005 mol L(-1)) and urea (in concentration range 0.42-1.67 mol L(-1)) did not promote a water transfer through buccal mucosa, however, both substances enhanced flow through the skin.
