[Efficacy evolution of bear bile and related research on components].

Animal medicine is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Bear bile is one of the rare animal-derived medicinal materials with the functions of clearing the liver, promoting bile secretion, calming the liver, relieving convulsions, clearing heat, and removing toxins. From the Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, bear bile was mainly used to treat internal diseases, surgical diseases, and pediatric diseases with limitations. At present, bear bile has been used to treat various diseases in pediatrics, gynecology, internal medicine, and surgery. Studies on the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of bear bile mostly focused on bile acids. Although the non-bile acids also showed certain pharmacological effects, their mechanism of action was less investigated. At present, the source animals of bear bile are national second-class protected animals. Obtaining transformed bear bile powder through biotransformation is expected to alleviate the shortage of bear bile resources to a certain extent. Although related research on bear bile substitutes has protected bear bile resources, there are problems in functional quantification and modern interpretation. It is necessary to sort out the functions and indications of bear bile recorded in ancient books according to related modern research. This study firstly reviewed the evolution of bear bile functions and indications, analyzed the chemical components of bear bile, sorted out the relevant records of the efficacy and clinical application of bear bile in ancient books, and summarized the research progress in the safety of bear bile based on the modern pharmacological effects and clinical applications of bear bile, which is conducive to the clarification of modern efficacy and functional quantification of bear bile and the tentative exploration of the modern interpretation of bear bile.

[Development history and prospect of Fel Ursi].

Fel Ursi(bear bile) has been used as medicine for a long history, with wide clinical applications and definite curative efficacy. Fel Ursi has good pharmacodynamic activities in the treatment of liver and gallbladder diseases, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. According to the places of origin, traditional Fel Ursi is divided into "Dongdan" and "Nandan". According to the gallbladder properties, it is divided into "Jindan" "Tiedan" "Caihuadan", and "Youdan". With the development of bear bile drainage technology, Pulvis Fellis Ursi has entered the market and been used clinically instead of Fel Ursi. At present, obtaining artificial Pulvis Fellis Ursi by chemical compounding and biotransformation is the hotspot in medical research, which can solve the shortage problem of bear bile resources, and also protect endangered animals. The quality problem of Fel Ursi in the market is prominent, with counterfeit products prepared from sheep bile, cow bile, pig bile, and chicken bile. Due to the scarcity of bear bile resources, the related research contents are scattered, and there is a lack of systematic analysis and summary. This paper focused on the development of Fel Ursi to clarify the source and classification of traditional Fel Ursi, and summarized the harvesting, processing, identification, and use of Fel Ursi. Additionally, the paper also compared the quality standards of Fel Ursi, summarized the technological development process of Pulvis Fellis Ursi, and prospected the modern research and clinical application of Pulvis Fellis Ursi, which is expected to provided references for the collation of bear bile resources, the clinical application of Fel Ursi, the development of Fel Ursi drugs, and related research on artificial Pulvis Fellis Ursi.

[Cultivation and breeding of industrial Cannabis sativa].

Cannabis sativa,with a long history of cultivation, is a traditional industrial crop widely used for food, textiles, and me-dicine. This study discussed industrial C. sativa and medicinal C. sativa. According to the characteristics of management policies of C. sativa in different periods, we divided the development stages of C. sativa into three stages and analyzed the changes in breeding and cultivation goals under the influence of policies. Meanwhile, a comprehensive analysis was carried out based on the breeding conditions of industrial C. sativa in China. Because of the vast territory of China, the differences in agricultural planting environment, economic development, and social development in the southern and northern areas result in different used parts of C. sativa. To be speci-fic, flowers and leaves are used in Yunnan, fiber in Heilongjiang, and seeds in Shanxi. The breeding of C. sativa varieties highlights fiber, seeds, or both of them. As the value of cannabidiol is explored, medicinal C. sativa has been approved in recent years. Based on the cultivation characteristics and value of industrial C. sativa, it is proposed that industrial C. sativa has a broad application prospect as an important industrial crop, and the existing products contain almost no tetrahydrocannabinol. The cultivation of C. sativa should be rationally guided to promote the development of the C. sativa industry. Moreover, it is recommended to actively apply advanced breeding techniques such as molecular breeding to overcome the problems of the uncertainty of the existing induced breeding and the excessively long hybrid breeding cycle, and develop high value-added applications such as medicinal products of C. sativa to enhance the exploitation of the economic value of C. sativa.

[Effects of moxibustion at 45 ℃ on blood lipoids and serum level of ox-LDL and NO in rats with hyperlipidemia].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of moxibustion at different temperatures (38 ℃ and 45 ℃) on blood lipoids and serum level of oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and nitric oxide (NO) in rats with hyperlipidemia, and to explore the correlation between regulating blood fat and anti-oxidative stress and protection of vascular endothelium of moxibustion at 45 ℃. METHODS: According to random number table, 60 SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, a moxibustion at 38 ℃ group and a moxibustion at 45 ℃ group, 15 rats in each group. The rats in the normal group received no treatment; the rats in the remaining three groups were fed with high-fat diet for 8 weeks to prepare rat models of hyperlipidemia. After successful modeling, the rats in the model group received no treatment; the rats in the moxibustion at 38 ℃ group and moxibustion at 45 ℃ group were treated with moxibustion at "Shenque" (CV 8) and "Zusanli" (ST 36), and the temperature was controlled at (38±1) ℃ and (45±1) ℃, respectively. The moxibustion was given for 10 min at each acupoint, once every two days, and totally 4-week treatment was given. After treatment, the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured by using biochemical colorimetric method; the levels of ox-LDL and NO were measured by using ELISA method. RESULTS: ① Compared with the normal group, the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C were significantly increased in the model group (all P<0.01); compared with the model group and moxibustion at 38 ℃ group, the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C were significantly decreased in the moxibustion at 45 ℃ group (P<0.01，P<0.05); compared with the model group, the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C were insignificantly decreased in the moxibustion at 38 ℃ group (all P>0.05). ② Compared with the normal group, the level of ox-LDL was increased but that of NO was decreased in the model group (both P<0.01); compared with the model group and moxibustion at 38 ℃ group, the level of ox-LDL was decreased but that of NO was increased in the moxibustion at 45 ℃ group (P<0.01, P<0.05); compared with the model group, the level of ox-LDL was decreased but that of NO was increased in the moxibustion at 38 ℃ group (both P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Moxibustion at 45 ℃ has regulating effects on blood lipid in rats with hyperlipidemia, which can regulate blood lipid through various ways, such as anti-oxidative stress and protection of vascular endothelium.