The clinical relevance of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy.

Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies are associated with different types of syndromes. However, few studies have investigated the correlation between anti-GAD antibody titers with clinical severity and outcomes in children with encephalitis/encephalopathy. In this single-center retrospective cohort study, we consecutively enrolled hospitalized children who had encephalitis and/or encephalopathy with positive anti-GAD antibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from February 2010 to October 2021. Thirty-seven patients were included and divided into high-titer and low-titer groups. The patients with high anti-GAD antibody titers were associated with initial symptoms of language difficulty and ataxia. The level of titers was not associated with severity or outcomes. Anti-GAD antibody titers decreased after immunotherapy, however, the clinical response to immunotherapy was variable. A transient elevation in anti-GAD antibody titers during immunotherapy was noted. Further studies are warranted to investigate the role of anti-GAD antibodies in the pathogenesis and immune mechanisms of encephalitis/encephalopathy.

Seizures severity during rewarming can predict seizure outcomes of infants with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following therapeutic hypothermia.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the predictive value of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) on 12-month seizure outcomes of infants with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) treated with therapeutic hypothermia. METHODS: We conducted this retrospective cohort study in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit between May 2012 and September 2017. Neonates with HIE who received both therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and aEEG were enrolled. RESULTS: A total of 23 infants (14 boys, nine girls) with a mean gestational age of 38.9 weeks were enrolled. Fifteen (65%) infants had moderate HIE and eight (35%) had severe HIE according to modified Sarnat staging. The mean aEEG recording time was 107.5 h. Twenty (86.9%) infants had seizure activity during the first 24 h after cooling and 14 (60.8%) had seizure activity during the first 24 h after rewarming. At 12 months, five (21.7%) infants had poor seizure outcomes. Repetitive seizures or status epilepticus pattern during the first 24 h after rewarming, but not the first 24 h after cooling, were associated with the presence of epilepsy at 12 months (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: We identified a high incidence of electrographic seizures in infants with neonatal HIE treated with therapeutic hypothermia, and post-neonatal epilepsy in the children who survived after HIE. Repetitive seizures or status epilepticus pattern during the first 24 h after rewarming, but not in the first 24 h after cooling, were associated with the presence of epilepsy at 12 months.

Ginsenoside Rg1 supplementation clears senescence-associated ß-galactosidase in exercising human skeletal muscle.

BACKGROUND: Ginsenoside Rg1 has been shown to clear senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-ß-gal) in cultured cells. It remains unknown whether Rg1 can influence SA-ß-gal in exercising human skeletal muscle. METHODS: To examine SA-ß-gal change, 12 young men (age 21 ± 0.2 years) were enrolled in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled crossover study, under two occasions: placebo (PLA) and Rg1 (5 mg) supplementations 1 h prior to a high-intensity cycling (70% VO2max). Muscle samples were collected by multiple biopsies before and after cycling exercise (0 h and 3 h). To avoid potential effect of muscle biopsy on performance assessment, cycling time to exhaustion test (80% VO2max) was conducted on another 12 participants (age 23 ± 0.5 years) with the same experimental design. RESULTS: No changes of SA-ß-gal were observed after cycling in the PLA trial. On the contrary, nine of the 12 participants showed complete elimination of SA-ß-gal in exercised muscle after cycling in the Rg1 trial (p < 0.05). Increases in apoptotic DNA fragmentation (PLA: +87% vs. Rg1: +133%, p < 0.05) and CD68+ (PLA: +78% vs. Rg1: +121%, p = 0.17) occurred immediately after cycling in both trials. During the 3-h recovery, reverses in apoptotic nuclei content (PLA: +5% vs. Rg1: -32%, p < 0.01) and increases in inducible nitrate oxide synthase and interleukin 6 mRNA levels of exercised muscle were observed only in the Rg1 trial (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Rg1 supplementation effectively eliminates senescent cells in exercising human skeletal muscle and improves high-intensity endurance performance.

Correlation of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody levels and long-term outcomes of juvenile myasthenia gravis in Taiwan: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Myasthenia gravis is the most common disease affecting the neuromuscular junction. The most common etiology among patients with juvenile myasthenia gravis is the production of antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor. However, the clinical outcome in relation to serum levels of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in juvenile myasthenia gravis has rarely been discussed. We aimed to analyze the correlation between the presence of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies and outcome in juvenile myasthenia gravis. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with juvenile myasthenia gravis younger than of 20 years of age were retrospectively recruited from January 1995 to February 2017 in a tertiary referral medical center. According to the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America outcome scale, the primary outcome was complete symptom remission and cessation of medications for at least 1 year measured 2 years after diagnosis. Secondary outcome was complete symptom remission at the last outpatient clinic. RESULTS: A total of 54 patients were followed up for over 2 years. Nine patients (9/54, 16.7%) achieved complete remission without medication use at 2 years after diagnosis. Thirteen (24.1%) patients achieved complete remission during longer follow-up periods. Those with negative anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies were more likely to achieve complete remission at 2 years (6/15 [40%] vs. 3/39 [7.7%], 95% Confidence interval [CI] 1.670 to 38.323) and at the last outpatient clinic follow-up (8/15 [53.3%] vs. 5/39 [12.8%], 95% CI 2.367 to 20.704). Thirteen patients with comorbid autoimmune thyroid diseases were older than those without disease (11.8 ± 5.8 years old vs. 8.0 ± 6.3 years old, 95% CI 0.018 to 7.33). Moreover, patients negative for anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies were less likely comorbid with autoimmune thyroid disease (1/35 [2.9%] vs. 12/71 [16.9%], 95% CI 0.018 to 1.161). CONCLUSIONS: Juvenile myasthenia gravis patients without anti-acetylcholine antibodies exhibited significantly increased complete remission rates and a reduced likelihood of comorbid autoimmune thyroid diseases compared with those with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies among Chinese.

Immunotherapy for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: Experience from a single center in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an anti-neuronal antibody-mediated inflammatory brain disease that causes severe psychiatric and neurological deficits in previously healthy patients. The aims of this study were to demonstrate the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and to compare the different treatment strategies among these patients. METHODS: Patients presenting with newly acquired psychiatric and/or neurological deficits were studied retrospectively from 2009 to 2017. Patients with evidence of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid were enrolled. The modified Rankin scale was used to assess the initial status and outcomes of the enrolled patients. Details of the clinical presentations and results of investigations were analyzed. RESULTS: All (n = 24) of the patients received first-line immunotherapy (steroids, and/or intravenous immunoglobulin, and/or plasma exchange), and 14 patients received second-line immunotherapy (rituximab and/or cyclophosphamide). The mean time between the first- and second-line treatment was 13 days. During the first 6 months, 20 patients (20/24, 83%) achieved a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2) and 15 patients (15/24, 62.5%) completely recovered. Four patients (17.7%) relapsed, and three patients (12.5%) had associated tumors. CONCLUSION: Immunotherapy is an effective treatment for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Rituximab and/or cyclophosphamide are treatment options for those who cannot tolerate or do not respond to first-line immunotherapy. Prospective studies are necessary to investigate the role of rituximab and cyclophosphamide in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.