ABSTRACT
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is the ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid and plays an important role in antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of CGA on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and the mRNA levels of the genes encoding the inflammatory response cytokines, κ-casein, and neutrophil function in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) exposed to S. aureus. Chlorogenic acid has important antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory functions; however, the effect of CGA on BMEC and neutrophils exposed to S. aureus has not been investigated previously. Our results demonstrated that 10, 20, and 30 µg/mL CGA had no cytotoxic effects on BMEC in culture, and that 20 µg/mL CGA enhanced the viability of BMEC exposed to S. aureus, whereas 30 µg/mL CGA reduced S. aureus growth after 9 h compared with controls. The rate of S. aureus invasion into BMEC was also attenuated by 30 µg/mL CGA compared with controls, whereas this treatment led to reduced abundance of IL6, IL8, and TLR2 mRNA in S. aureus-exposed BMEC. Migration of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes was significantly decreased in S. aureus-exposed BMEC with 10 and 20 µg/mL CGA treatment when compared with S. aureus treatment alone. In addition, incubation with 20 or 30 µg/mL CGA enhanced the phagocytic ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes compared with the control group. Importantly, levels of κ-casein were enhanced by treatment of S. aureus-exposed BMEC with CGA. Our results suggest that the use of CGA may be a potent therapeutic tool against bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Chlorogenic Acid/pharmacology , Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects , Mastitis, Bovine/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Animals , Cattle , Cytokines/immunology , Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Female , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Inflammation/drug therapy , Inflammation/veterinary , Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology , Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology , Neutrophils/drug effects , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Over the past 8 years, human enteroviruses (HEVs) have caused 27 227 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Xiamen, including 99 severe cases and six deaths. We aimed to explore the molecular epidemiology of HFMD in Xiamen to inform the development of diagnostic assays, vaccines and other interventions. From January 2009 to September 2015, 5866 samples from sentinel hospitals were tested using nested reverse transcription PCR that targeted the HEV 5' untranslated region and viral protein 1 region. Of these samples, 4290 were tested positive for HEV and the amplicons were sequenced and genotyped. Twenty-two genotypes were identified. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackieviruses A16, A6 and A10 (CA16, CA6 and CA10) were the most common genotypes, and there were no changes in the predominant lineages of these genotypes. EV71 became the most predominant genotype every 2 years. From 2013, CA6 replaced CA16 as one of the two most common genotypes. The results demonstrate the vast diversity of HFMD pathogens, and that minor genotypes are able to replace major genotypes. We recommend carrying-out long-term monitoring of the full spectrum of HFMD pathogens, which could facilitate epidemic prediction and the development of diagnostic assays and vaccines.
Subject(s)
Enterovirus/physiology , Epidemics , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , China/epidemiology , Enterovirus/classification , Enterovirus/isolation & purification , Female , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , MaleABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of prognosis of severe hepatitis. METHODS: The prognosis factors of 286 patients with severe hepatitis were studied with monofactor analysis(chi 2 test, t test) and polyfactors analysis(logistic regressive analysis). RESULTS: The factors affected the prognosis of the patients were age, therapeutics, biochemistry data and complications. CONCLUSION: To decrease the mortality of the patients with severe hepatitis, we should adopt rational therapeutics and prevent complications in clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis B, Chronic/therapy , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/therapy , Adult , Aged , Female , Hepatitis B, Chronic/mortality , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/mortality , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , PrognosisABSTRACT
A two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (2S-ELISA) was developed for the quantification of gut-associated schistosome circulating anodic proteoglycan (GASCAP) of Schistosoma japonicum using a monoclonal antibody (McAb M120), purified by one-step hydroxylapatite (HAP) chromatography, as both solid phase and peroxidase-conjugated reagent. In this system, a high detectable level of serum GASCAP concentration (0.25 microgram/L) could be achieved with the immunoaffinity purified GASCAP being used as the standard. The specificity of the assay was 97.2%, with minimized interference of rheumatoid factor. The intra-assay (4.01%) and interassay (6.09%) coefficients of variation and the mean analytical recovery (101.4%) for GASCAP demonstrated the precision and accuracy of the assay.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Helminth/analysis , Proteoglycans/immunology , Schistosoma japonicum/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , HumansABSTRACT
The present paper reported on an anti-CCA monoclonal antibody, McAb-IIID 10, which could be used in determinations of both parasite-oriented circulating antigens and specific anti-CCA antibodies. The established competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) using McAb-IIID 10 to detect schistosome-antibodies showed high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis with few cross-reactions. In field trials, coincident rates in 3 separate batches of serum samples when subjected to double-blind detections were obtained. A total of 1,915 serum samples had been determined by C-ELISA, among them 113 acute cases achieved a 100% positive rate, 765 chronic and 25 late cases showed 96.3% and 72% positive respectively. 70% of the 66 cured schistosomiasis cases turned to be negative. None of the 750 normal individuals showed positive reactions. No cross reaction was found in 27 sera from hydatidosis, whereas 1 and 2 positive reactions were found in 43 paragonimiasis sera and 126 clonorchiasis sera respectively. The established McAb-IIID 10 involved Dot-ELISA was found of value in the assessment of effective chemotherapy and showed a high negative conversion rate of 97.9% in 48 cured schistosomiasis patients. In 16 experimentally infected rabbits, 12 became negative in Dot-ELISA determinations at the 8th week post treatment, and the remaining 4 treated ones, the titer as well as the reaction intensity were also found reduced. A good coincidence rate was also found between C-ELISA and Dot-ELISA, their detection results may be complementary each other.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal , Schistosoma japonicum/immunology , Schistosomiasis japonica/diagnosis , Animals , Antibodies, Helminth/blood , Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis , Antigens, Helminth/blood , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Humans , RabbitsABSTRACT
64 cases of chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and 84 cases of non-CAH liver diseases were studied with keratin stain. The capillary-like bile ductules (CLBD) were proliferating and their morphology was identical to that with Type V collagen stain reported before. CLBD proliferation were more marked in CAH than in other liver diseases, and it was considered to be one of the characteristics of CAH and could be used for differential diagnosis. The ultrastructure of CLBD was specific in morphology. The HBV-DNA in CLBD shown by the technique of in situ hybridization suggested that HBV might infect the cells of CLBD.
