ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: HIIT has recently been widely used for health promotion in healthy people and patients with chronic diseases. Exercise can help SUD reduce drug cravings, enhance mental health and return to normal life. However, whether HIIT can bring better physical rehabilitation benefits to individuals with SUD than MICT is unclear. The study aimed to compare the effects of HIIT versus MICT on the physical fitness of individuals with SUD. METHODS: One hundred twenty individuals with amphetamine-type stimulant dependence voluntarily participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to the HIIT group and MICT group. Both groups received training three times a week. The intervention lasted from January 2019 to December 2019. Physical fitness was assessed at the baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months, including blood pressure (BP), vital capacity(VC), hand grip, push-up, sit-and-reach, one-leg standing with eyes closed and choice reaction time. The craving level was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale at baseline, 6 months and 12 months to see any change along with the improvement in physical fitness. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was applied to analyse the differences in change by group (HIIT and MICT) and time (baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months). RESULTS: The within-group factor displayed significant changes in the HIIT and MICT groups in terms of systolic BP (F (4,336) = 12.799, P < 0.001,η2 = 0.204), diastolic BP (F(4,336) = 9.495, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.16), VC (F(4,336) = 18.121, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.177), hand grip (F(4,336) = 34.815, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.293), sit-and-reach (F(4,336) = 13.871, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.142), push-up (F(4,336) = 28.805, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.255), one-leg standing with eyes closed (F(4,336) = 14.495, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.156) and choice reaction time (F(4,336) = 20.603, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.197). The craving level decreased after 12 months of intervention in both groups (F(2,168) = 11.25, P < 0.001, η2 = 0.118), but no significant differences in physical fitness and craving level were found in between groups and the interactions of group × time. CONCLUSIONS: After 12 months of intervention, physical fitness improved while craving level decreased in the two groups. These findings suggest that both HIIT and MICT have positive effects on individuals with SUD in terms of physical fitness. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR1900022158 Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: Registered 27th March, 2019.
ABSTRACT
Numerous analytical models have been applied to describe the evaporation/condensation kinetics of volatile components from aerosol particles for use in many applications. However, the applicability of these models for treating cases that lead to substantial and rapid changes in particle temperature due to, for example, evaporative cooling remain to be compared with measurements. We consider three typical treatments, comparing predictions of the evaporation rates of pure water droplets over a wide range in gas phase relative humidity (RH) and exploring the sensitivity of the predictions to uncertainties in the thermophysical gas and condensed-phase parameters. We also compare predictions from the three treatments to measurements of the evaporation rates of pure water droplets with varying RH using an electrodynamic balance (EDB), concluding that only two of the model treatments are sufficiently able to account for the level of evaporative cooling (typically as high as 12 K). Finally, we show that the RH can be inferred accurately from the evaporation rate of pure water droplets over the full range in accessible RH and comparison with the model predictions (within absolute uncertainties of 2.5% RH over the range 20% to 95% RH), considering the level of agreement with independent measurements made through determining the equilibrated size of aqueous sodium chloride and sodium nitrate droplets.
