Comparison of the toxic effects of different mycotoxins on porcine and mouse oocyte meiosis.

BACKGROUND: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2, ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA) are the most common mycotoxins that are found in corn-based animal feed which have multiple toxic effects on animals and humans. Previous studies reported that these mycotoxins impaired mammalian oocyte quality. However, the effective concentrations of mycotoxins to animal oocytes were different. METHODS: In this study we aimed to compare the sensitivity of mouse and porcine oocytes to AFB1, DON, HT-2, OTA, and ZEA for mycotoxin research. We adopted the polar body extrusion rate of mouse and porcine oocyte as the standard for the effects of mycotoxins on oocyte maturation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Our results showed that 10 µM AFB1 and 1 µM DON significantly affected porcine oocyte maturation compared with 50 µM AFB1 and 2 µM DON on mouse oocytes. However, 10 nM HT-2 significantly affected mouse oocyte maturation compared with 50 nM HT-2 on porcine oocytes. Moreover, 5 µM OTA and 10 µM ZEA significantly affected porcine oocyte maturation compared with 300 µM OTA and 50 µM ZEA on mouse oocytes. In summary, our results showed that porcine oocytes were more sensitive to AFB1, DON, OTA, and ZEA than mouse oocytes except HT-2 toxin.

Short-term ingestion of deoxynivalenol in naturally contaminated feed alters piglet performance and gut hormone secretion.

The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) generally exists in cereals and affects human and animal health. The aim of this study is to analyze the impacts of DON in naturally contaminated feed on piglet growth performance and intestinal hormone secretion in the short term. We randomly divided 5-week-old piglets into four groups: Control, DON 1,000, DON 2,000 and DON 3,000 groups. Piglets received a feed naturally contaminated with DON (approximately 400, 1,000, 2,000 or 3,000 µg/kg) for 21 days. Body weight showed no significant difference following exposure to DON. The balance of anti-oxidation and oxidation was disrupted by DON after 21 days. The concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) significantly increased (p < .001) in all DON-treated groups. Gut anorexigenic hormone secretion of peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK) had a time- and dose-dependent relationship with DON exposure; however, there was no effect on orexigenic hormone ghrelin secretion. Changes of histomorphology in the jejunum were observed in DON-treated groups, including villi flattening and fusion, and apical necrosis of villi. These results indicated that DON could suppress piglet growth performance and alter gut hormone secretion in the short term.

Individual and Combined Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Feed Ingredients and Complete Feeds in China.

The objective of this study was to investigate the individual and combined contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in feedstuffs from different Provinces of China between 2016 and 2017. A total of 1569 samples, including 742 feed ingredients and 827 complete pig feed samples, were collected from various regions of China for mycotoxins analysis. The results showed that individual occurrence rates of AFB1, ZEN, and DON were more than 83.3%, 88%, and 74.5%, respectively, in all the tested samples. DON was the most prevalent contaminant, followed by ZEN and AFB1, with the average concentrations ranging from 450.0-4381.5 µg/kg, 2.3-729.2 µg/kg, and 1.3-10.0 µg/kg, respectively. Notable, 38.2%, 10.8%, and 0.6% of complete pig feeds were contaminated with DON, ZEN, and AFB1 over China's regulatory limits, respectively. Moreover, over 75.0% analyzed samples were co-contaminated with two or three mycotoxins. In conclusion, the current study revealed that the feedstuffs in China were severely contaminated with DON, followed by ZEN and AFB1 during the past two years. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring mycotoxins in livestock feed and implementing feed management and bioremediation strategies to reduce mycotoxin exposure.

Aflatoxin B1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed ingredients and complete feed from different Province in China.

BACKGROUND: The current study was carried out to provide a reference for monitory of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds were collected from different Province in China from 2013 to 2015. METHODS: A total of 443 feed ingredients, including 220 corn, 24 wheat, 24 domestic distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS), 55 bran, 20 wheat shorts and red dog, 37 imported DDGS, 34 corn germ meal and 29 soybean meal as well as 127 complete feeds including 25 pig complete feed (powder), 90 pig complete feed (pellet), six duck complete feed and six cattle complete feed were randomly collected from different Province in China, respectively, by high-performance chromatography in combined with UV or fluorescence analysis. RESULTS: The incidence rates of AFB1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds were 80.8, 92.3 and 93.9 %, respectively. The percentage of positive samples for DON ranged from 66.7 to 100 %. Domestic DDGS and imported DDGS presented the most serious contamination AFB1, ZEN and DON contamination levels of feeds ranged from 61.5 to 100 %, indicated that serious contamination over the studied 3-year period. CONCLUSION: The current data provide clear evidence that AFB1, ZEN and DON contamination of feed ingredients and complete feeds in different Province in China is serious and differs over past 3-year. The use of corn, domestic DDGS, imported DDGS and corn germ meal, which may be contaminated with these three mycotoxins, as animal feed may triggered a health risk for animal. Feeds are most contaminated with DON followed by ZEN and AFB1. Mycotoxins contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds should be monitored routinely in China.