Relationship between metalloprotease expression in tumour and stromal cells and aggressive behaviour in prostate carcinoma: Simultaneous high-throughput study of multiple metalloproteases and their inhibitors using tissue array analysis of radical prostatectomy samples.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to detect a potential association between clinicopathological factors of prostate cancer aggressiveness and the expression of matrix metalloproteases and their inhibitors in tumour and stromal cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A tissue array technique and immunochemistry with specific antibodies against matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs)-1, 2 and 3 were used to analyse the surgical specimens of 133 patients treated by radical prostatectomy. For each antibody preparation, the cellular location of immunoreactivity was determined. RESULTS: The expression of MMP-2 was negatively associated with high tumour grade. With regard to stromal fibroblasts, TIMP-3 expression was positively associated with histological grade. MMP-7 expression was negatively associated with pretreatment serum levels of PSA, whereas MMP-13 was positively associated with higher levels of the antigen. TIMP-2 expression by mononuclear inflammatory cells correlated significantly and negatively with tumour grade. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of TIMP-3 by fibroblasts was associated with a higher Gleason score. An increased expression of MMP-13 by fibroblasts was associated with a greater preoperative level of PSA. In contrast, MMP-2 expression by tumour as well as TIMP-2 expression by peritumoral inflammatory cells was associated with less aggressive prostate carcinoma characteristics.

Collagenase-3 expression by tumor cells and gelatinase B expression by stromal fibroblast-like cells are associated with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: To investigate the possible clinical value of the expression of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) by the different cellular types of the tumor scenario to predict biochemical recurrence in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy due clinically localized prostate cancer. METHODS: An immunohistochemical study was performed using tissue arrays and specific antibodies against MMPs-1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 14 and TIMPs-1, 2 and 3 on cancer specimens from 133 patients with clinical localized prostate carcinoma. RESULTS: Immunostaining for all the proteins studied was localized predominantly in tumor cells, but also in stromal cells in a significant percentage of prostate carcinomas, ranged from 20 to 50% for several proteins in fibroblast-like cells and in mononuclear inflammatory cells. Multivariate analysis according to a Cox model demonstrated that tumor stage (P < 0.0001) and Gleason grading (grades 7-10: 2.08 (1.1-3.9); P < 0.05) were significantly and independently associated with biochemical recurrence. Additionally, the expression of MMP-9 by fibroblast-like cells (P < 0.01) and MMP-13 by tumor cells (P < 0.05) were also variables significantly and independently associated with biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: MMP-13 expression by tumor cells and MMP-9 by stromal fibroblast-like cells were independent factors of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer.

Study of TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 in prostate carcinomas and their association with biochemical recurrence.

BACKGROUND: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have garnered an extraordinary amount of interest in cancer research due to their role in tumor progression. By activating the production of several biological factors, TLRs induce type I interferons and other cytokines, which drive an inflammatory response and activate the adaptive immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and clinical relevance of TLR3, 4, and 9 in prostate cancer. METHODS: The expression levels of TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 were analyzed on tumors from 133 patients with prostate cancer. The analyses were performed by immunohistochemistry on tissue arrays and real time-PCR. RESULTS: Cancerous cells showed high expression levels of TLRs compared with controls. Samples of carcinomas with recurrence exhibited a significant increase in the mRNA levels of TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9. In addition, the tumors that showed high TLR3 or TLR9 expression levels were significantly associated with higher probability of biochemical recurrence. CONCLUSION: TLR expression is associated with prostate cancer with recurrence and the role of TLR receptors in the biology of malignancy merits study. Therapeutic strategies to boost or block TLRs may be of interest.

Comparative study of stromal metalloproteases expression in patients with benign hyperplasia and prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present work was to perform a comparative study of stromal cell expressions of MMPs and TIMPs between benign and malignant prostate tissues. METHODS: An immunohistochemical study was performed using specific antibodies against metalloproteases (MMPs) -1, -2, -7, 9, 11, 13, 14 and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) -1, 2 and 3, on prostate specimens from 133 patients with clinical localized prostate carcinoma and from 50 patients with BPH. RESULTS: Our results showed higher percentages of expressions of MMPs and TIMPs by fibroblasts or by mononuclear inflammatory cells (MICs) in prostate carcinomas compared to these cells in BPH. The detection of MMP-2 expression by stromal fibroblasts and/or MMP-2, 9 and TIMP-3 expression by stromal MICs was associated with a 100% of specificity for diagnoses of prostate cancer. We found that the combination of MMP-2 expression by fibroblasts and/or MMP-9 by MICs and/or TIMP-2 by MICs yielded a sensitivity of 47.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Despite of a limited sensitivity (50%), the combination of MMP-TIMPs expression in stromal cells (MMP-2 by fibroblasts and TIMPs by MICs) in our study provided a specificity of 100% for prostate cancer diagnosis.

Tatuaje y piercing : señales y riesgos a flor de piel

Contiene: pautas a adoptar si se toma la decisión de someterse a un adorno corporal, la perspectiva de los usuarios, reglas de oro a adoptar ante la decisión de asumir el riesgo de hacerse perforar o tatuar, etc.

Tatuaje y piercing : señales y riesgos a flor de piel

Contiene: disquisición histórica sobre el tatuaje y el perforado, motivaciones psicológicas, elementos sociológicos y antropológicos, lugares de asiento de los adornos corporales, el riesgo de los adornos corporales para las ciencias de la salud, reseña sintética de evidencias científicas sobre riesgos de los adornos corporales, referencias de la literatura científica sobre riesgos y daños, regulación de estas prácticas en el mundo, regulación de estas prácticas en España, regulación de estas prácticas en la Comunidad Valenciana, pautas a adoptar si se toma la decisión de someterse a un adorno corporal, la perspectiva de los usuarios, la perspectiva de la enfermería, la perspectiva de la medicina, reglas de oro a adoptar ante la decisión de asumir el riesgo de hacerse perforar o tatuar, perspectivas para una regulación del perforado y tatuaje en la Unión Europea.