Change on the Circulation of Respiratory Viruses and Pediatric Healthcare Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Asturias, Northern Spain.

(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of restrictions and nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) changed the trends in respiratory viral circulation and the pattern in pediatric healthcare utilization; (2) Methods: A retrospective, multicenter observational study designed to analyze the impact of the pandemic on pediatric healthcare utilization and the viral circulation pattern in children in a region in Northern Spain was carried out. Viral diagnostics data from all nasal or pharyngeal swabs collected in children in Asturias during the periods of March 2018−September 2019 and March 2020−September 2021 were analyzed, as well as the number of pediatric hospitalizations and emergency visits; (3) Results: A total of 14,640 samples were collected during the pandemic period. Of these, at least one respiratory virus was detected in 2940 (20.1%) while 5568/10,298 samples were positive in the pre-pandemic period (54.1%); p < 0.001. The detection of both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses decreased among periods (p < 0.001). After week 14, 2020, enveloped viruses were no longer detected until one year later, while non-enveloped viruses continued to be detected in children. Overall, a mean of 4946.8 (95% CI 4519.1−5374.4) pediatric emergency visits per month during the period 2018−2019 as compared to 2496.5 (95% CI 2086.4−2906.5) for 2020−2021 occurred (p < 0.001). The mean of pediatric hospitalizations also significantly decreased between periods, as follows: 346.6 (95% CI 313−380.2) in 2018−2019 vs. 161.1 (95% CI 138.4−183.8); p < 0.001; (4) Conclusions: Our study showed a remarkably reduction in pediatric hospitalizations and emergency visits and a change in the pattern of viral circulation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias. The usual seasonal respiratory viruses, namely influenza or RSV were nearly absent in the pediatric population during the pandemic.

A pediatric case of Bartonella henselae and Epstein Barr virus disease with bone and hepatosplenic involvement / Un caso pediátrico de enfermedad por Bartonella henselae y virus de Epstein Barr con afectación ósea y hepatoesplénica

Abstract Background: Cat scratch disease (CSD) is an infectious disorder caused by Bartonella henselae. The infection usually presents as local lymphadenopathy, fever, and mild constitutional symptoms. Systemic or severe disease is reported in 5-20% of patients with CSD. We report a case of disseminated CSD with osteomyelitis and hepatosplenic disease and a review of the literature. Case report: A previously healthy 5-year-old male presented with prolonged fever and abdominal pain, followed by low back pain. The serologic test showed positive IgG for B. henselae and IgM and IgG for Epstein Barr virus (EBV). The abdominal ultrasound showed hepatic and splenic hypoechoic lesions, and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed spondylitis of the D6 vertebra. He received treatment with azithromycin for 4 weeks and rifampicin for 6 weeks. The symptoms disappeared, and the abdominal ultrasound was normal nine months later. Conclusions: Disseminated CSD is infrequent. The diagnosis requires a high rate of suspicion. Laboratory findings of Bartonella infection are often non-specific. Serologic test, polymerase chain reaction of B. henselae in blood or biopsied material of the site of involvement and imaging test can be performed to confirm the diagnosis. The diagnosis of disseminated B. henselae was based on significantly elevated blood titers, radiologic findings, and epidemiologic history. Treatment of CSD depends on the disease presentation. Azithromycin is used as a first-line agent for lymphadenopathy. The optimum treatment and its duration have not been established in atypical or complicated CSD, including patients with osteomyelitis and hepatosplenic disease.

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad por arañazo de gato (EAG) es una patología infecciosa originada por Bartonella henselae. Habitualmente se presenta como linfadenopatía local, fiebre y síntomas constitucionales leves. El 5-20% de los pacientes con EAG manifiestan una afectación sistémica. Se presenta un caso de EAG diseminada, con osteomielitis y enfermedad hepatoesplénica, y se hace una revisión de la literatura sobre la EAG. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo masculino de 5 años, previamente sano, que presentó fiebre prolongada y dolor abdominal, seguidos de dolor en la parte baja de la espalda. En la serología, presencia de IgG frente a B. henselae y de IgM e IgG frente al virus de Epstein-Barr. En la ecografía abdominal se observaron lesiones hipoecoicas en el hígado y el bazo, y la resonancia magnética mostró espondilitis de D6. Recibió tratamiento con azitromicina 4 semanas y rifampicina 6 semanas. Los síntomas desaparecieron y la ecografía abdominal a los 9 meses fue normal. Conclusiones: La EAG diseminada es infrecuente. El diagnóstico requiere un alto grado de sospecha. Los hallazgos de laboratorio en la infección por Bartonella suelen ser poco específicos. Para confirmar el diagnóstico pueden hacerse serología, reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para B. henselae en sangre o en biopsia de tejidos afectados, y estudios de imagen. El diagnóstico de EAG diseminada se basa en títulos elevados en la sangre, hallazgos radiológicos e historia epidemiológica. El tratamiento depende de la forma de presentación. En los casos de linfadenopatía se utiliza azitromicina. En la EAG atípica o complicada, que incluye osteomielitis y afectación hepatoesplénica, no están bien establecidos el tratamiento ni su duración.

A pediatric case of Bartonella henselae and Epstein Barr virus disease with bone and hepatosplenic involvement.

Background: Cat scratch disease (CSD) is an infectious disorder caused by Bartonella henselae. The infection usually presents as local lymphadenopathy, fever, and mild constitutional symptoms. Systemic or severe disease is reported in 5-20% of patients with CSD. We report a case of disseminated CSD with osteomyelitis and hepatosplenic disease and a review of the literature. Case report: A previously healthy 5-year-old male presented with prolonged fever and abdominal pain, followed by low back pain. The serologic test showed positive IgG for B. henselae and IgM and IgG for Epstein Barr virus (EBV). The abdominal ultrasound showed hepatic and splenic hypoechoic lesions, and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed spondylitis of the D6 vertebra. He received treatment with azithromycin for 4 weeks and rifampicin for 6 weeks. The symptoms disappeared, and the abdominal ultrasound was normal nine months later. Conclusions: Disseminated CSD is infrequent. The diagnosis requires a high rate of suspicion. Laboratory findings of Bartonella infection are often non-specific. Serologic test, polymerase chain reaction of B. henselae in blood or biopsied material of the site of involvement and imaging test can be performed to confirm the diagnosis. The diagnosis of disseminated B. henselae was based on significantly elevated blood titers, radiologic findings, and epidemiologic history. Treatment of CSD depends on the disease presentation. Azithromycin is used as a first-line agent for lymphadenopathy. The optimum treatment and its duration have not been established in atypical or complicated CSD, including patients with osteomyelitis and hepatosplenic disease.

Introducción: La enfermedad por arañazo de gato (EAG) es una patología infecciosa originada por Bartonella henselae. Habitualmente se presenta como linfadenopatía local, fiebre y síntomas constitucionales leves. El 5-20% de los pacientes con EAG manifiestan una afectación sistémica. Se presenta un caso de EAG diseminada, con osteomielitis y enfermedad hepatoesplénica, y se hace una revisión de la literatura sobre la EAG. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo masculino de 5 años, previamente sano, que presentó fiebre prolongada y dolor abdominal, seguidos de dolor en la parte baja de la espalda. En la serología, presencia de IgG frente a B. henselae y de IgM e IgG frente al virus de Epstein-Barr. En la ecografía abdominal se observaron lesiones hipoecoicas en el hígado y el bazo, y la resonancia magnética mostró espondilitis de D6. Recibió tratamiento con azitromicina 4 semanas y rifampicina 6 semanas. Los síntomas desaparecieron y la ecografía abdominal a los 9 meses fue normal. Conclusiones: La EAG diseminada es infrecuente. El diagnóstico requiere un alto grado de sospecha. Los hallazgos de laboratorio en la infección por Bartonella suelen ser poco específicos. Para confirmar el diagnóstico pueden hacerse serología, reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para B. henselae en sangre o en biopsia de tejidos afectados, y estudios de imagen. El diagnóstico de EAG diseminada se basa en títulos elevados en la sangre, hallazgos radiológicos e historia epidemiológica. El tratamiento depende de la forma de presentación. En los casos de linfadenopatía se utiliza azitromicina. En la EAG atípica o complicada, que incluye osteomielitis y afectación hepatoesplénica, no están bien establecidos el tratamiento ni su duración.

Valoración de los criterios diagnósticos de la enuresis nocturna / Assessment of nocturnal enuresis diagnostic criteria

Introducción: La enuresis nocturna (EN) es un trastorno frecuente que afecta tanto a los niños como a sus familias. El objetivo es determinar la prevalencia en una extensa muestra de niños considerando diferentes criterios diagnósticos. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal mediante encuesta a padres de niños asturianos seleccionados aleatoriamente entre los escolares de enseñanza primaria y secundaria (seis, 10 y 13 años). El cuestionario constaba de 80/55 preguntas para los que se orinasen o no en la cama, respectivamente; 10 fueron respondidas por los niños. Se registró la EN como primaria o secundaria y la presencia o no de enuresis como único síntoma. Además, comparamos la prevalencia según los diferentes criterios diagnósticos. Resultados: De los 3.548 cuestionarios distribuidos fueron respondidos correctamente el 56,6%. 102 escolares se orinaban en la cama (5,52%), lo que corresponde a una prevalencia del 2,82% según el DSM-IV-TR/5 y la ICCS, 3,7% con el DSM-III y CIE-10. Fue más frecuente en niños que en niñas (2,8:1), con gran predominio de las formas primarias (81,2%) y no monosintomáticas (68,66%). La resolución espontánea en el grupo de mayor edad es superior en niños que en niñas, igualándose a los 13 años las diferentes prevalencias de edades previas. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la EN en nuestra región coincide con la observada en algunos estudios. Existen diferencias según los criterios utilizados, lo que debe llamar la atención sobre la necesidad de unificar la metodología de los estudios y los criterios utilizados en su diagnóstico. (AU)

Introduction: Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a common disorder that affects both children and their families. The objective is to determine its prevalence in an extensive sample of children considering different diagnostic criteria. Patients and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study using a survey of parents of a selection of primary and secondary school Asturian children (6, 10 and 13 years). The questionnaire consisted of 80 or 55 questions (10 of which were answered by the children) for those who urinated or not in bed, respectively. NE was registered as primary or secondary, and the presence or not of enuresis as the only symptom. In addition, the prevalence was compared according to the different diagnostic criteria. Results: Of the 3 548 questionnaires distributed, 56.6% were answered completed correctly. A total of 102 children urinated in bed (5.52%), which corresponds to a prevalence of 2.82% according to the DSM-IV-TR/5 and the (International Continence Society) ICS, 3.7% with the DSM-III and ICD-10. It was more frequent in boys than in girls (2.8:1), with a predominance of primary forms (81.2%), and non-monosymptomatic (68.66%). The spontaneous resolution in the older age group was higher in boys than in girls, with the different prevalences of previous ages being equal to 13 years. Conclusions: The prevalence of NE in the studied region coincides with that observed in some other studies. There are differences according to the criteria used, which should draw attention to the need to unify the methodology of the studies and the criteria used in its diagnosis. (AU)

Assessment of nocturnal enuresis diagnostic criteria.

INTRODUCTION: Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a common disorder that affects both children and their families. The objective is to determine its prevalence in an extensive sample of children considering different diagnostic criteria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study using a survey of parents of a selection of primary and secondary school Asturian children (6, 10 and 13 years). The questionnaire consisted of 80 or 55 questions (10 of which were answered by the children) for those who urinated or not in bed, respectively. NE was registered as primary or secondary, and the presence or not of enuresis as the only symptom. In addition, the prevalence was compared according to the different diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: Of the 3548 questionnaires distributed, 56.6% were answered completed correctly. A total of 102 children urinated in bed (5.52%), which corresponds to a prevalence of 2.82% according to the DSM-IV-TR/5 and the (International Continence Society) ICC, 3.7% with the DSM-III and ICD-10. It was more frequent in boys than in girls (2.8:1), with a predominance of primary forms (81.2%), and non-monosymptomatic (68.66%). The spontaneous resolution in the older age group was higher in boys than in girls, with the different prevalences of previous ages being equal to 13 years. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of NE in the studied region coincides with that observed in some other studies. There are differences according to the criteria used, which should draw attention to the need to unify the methodology of the studies and the criteria used in its diagnosis.

Variabilidad e idoneidad del tratamiento antiasmático en pediatría de atención primaria / Variability and suitability of anti-asmathic treatment in pediatric primary health care

OBJETIVO: Analizar los patrones de consumo y las características de las prescripciones de fármacos antiasmáticos en pediatría de atención primaria. DISEÑO: Estudio observacional retrospectivo. Emplazamiento: Pediatría de atención primaria, Asturias, España. PARTICIPANTES: Prescripciones para aparato respiratorio en <14 años durante el año 2011. Mediciones principales: Análisis del consumo de fármacos por áreas sanitarias y centros de salud, a partir de la base de datos de facturación del Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias, utilizando el número de DDD/1.000 niños/día (DHD) de cada grupo farmacológico. Revisión de historias clínicas de 6 consultas de pediatría de atención primaria del área sanitaria V para analizar la idoneidad de las prescripciones de los pediatras según la recomendación vigente. RESULTADOS: El principal grupo farmacológico han sido los broncodilatadores (17,14DHD), con predominio de la vía inhalatoria (14DHD). Se observa un uso mayoritario de corticoides inhalados (4,83DHD), siendo la fluticasona el principal principio activo. El 94,3% de los broncodilatadores orales y más del 50% de las prescripciones de mepiramina se consideran inadecuadas. Dentro de las prescripciones no autorizadas en ficha técnica un 17,8% corresponden al salbutamol oral, utilizado en menores de 2 años. CONCLUSIONES: El uso de fármacos antiasmáticos es elevado en Asturias, lo cual puede relacionarse con la prevalencia local de asma. Se observa variabilidad en la prescripción entre áreas sanitarias y centros de salud. La adecuación de las prescripciones estaría dentro de las recomendaciones vigentes, salvo en el caso del uso de fármacos broncodilatadores por vía oral

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the use patterns and the characteristics of anti-asmathic prescriptions in pediatric primary health care. DESIGN: Observational and retrospective study. LOCATION: Pediatric primary health care, Asturias, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Drug prescriptions in respiratory diseases in children (<14 years old) during 2011. Principal measurements: Data obtained from the billing database of the Regional Health Service of Asturias and analysed by sanitary district and primary health centres, calculating the number of DDD/1.000 children/day (DHD). Clinical records audit in 6 paediatric surgeries of sanitary district V to evaluate the suitability of the drug prescriptions to the current recommendations. RESULTS: The main group were bronchodilators (17.14DHD) with predominance of the inhaled route (14DHD). We observe more use of inhaled corticoids (4.83DHD), with an important use of fluticasone. We considered un-suitable 94.3% oral bronchodilators, and >50% of mepiramine prescriptions. We registered off-label prescriptions, 17.8% of them were about oral salbutamol, being used in children <2 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The use of anti-asthmatic drugs in our region is high, maybe it's related to the asthma prevalence. We observed variability between sanitary districts and health centres. The prescription patterns are closed to the current recommendation, except in the case of oral bronchodilators

[Variability and suitability of anti-asmathic treatment in pediatric primary health care]. / Variabilidad e idoneidad del tratamiento antiasmático en pediatría de atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the use patterns and the characteristics of anti-asmathic prescriptions in pediatric primary health care. DESIGN: Observational and retrospective study. LOCATION: Pediatric primary health care, Asturias, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: Drug prescriptions in respiratory diseases in children (<14years old) during 2011. PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS: Data obtained from the billing database of the Regional Health Service of Asturias and analysed by sanitary district and primary health centres, calculating the number of DDD/1.000 children/day (DHD). Clinical records audit in 6 paediatric surgeries of sanitary district V to evaluate the suitability of the drug prescriptions to the current recommendations. RESULTS: The main group were bronchodilators (17.14DHD) with predominance of the inhaled route (14DHD). We observe more use of inhaled corticoids (4.83DHD), with an important use of fluticasone. We considered un-suitable 94.3% oral bronchodilators, and >50% of mepiramine prescriptions. We registered off-label prescriptions, 17.8% of them were about oral salbutamol, being used in children <2years old. CONCLUSIONS: The use of anti-asthmatic drugs in our region is high, maybe it's related to the asthma prevalence. We observed variability between sanitary districts and health centres. The prescription patterns are closed to the current recommendation, except in the case of oral bronchodilators.

Dermatitis numular: presentación de dos casos pediátricos / Nummular dermatitis: report of two cases in children

La dermatitis o eccema numular es una patología poco frecuente en pediatría. El cuadro se caracteriza por un inicio con diminutas pápulas y vesículas eritematovioláceas que confluyen en placas exudativas de forma circular y evolucionan a placas eccematosas o liquenificadas de forma discoide o anular. Aparecen, predominantemente, en superficies extensoras de las extremidades, aunque pueden encontrarse en el tronco, las manos o los pies. El diagnóstico es clínico; solo en casos con mala evolución pueden ser necesarias pruebas complementarias. La base del tratamiento son los corticoides tópicos y, si se encuentra un desencadenante infeccioso, el tratamiento de la causa. Su evolución suele ser crónica o recidivante. Se presentan dos casos clínicos en población pediátrica con la finalidad de difundir entre los pediatras su conocimiento y manejo.

Nummular eczema or dermatitis is an uncommon paediatric pathology. It is presented as red-purplish small papules and vesicles that join to form exudative circular patches and then to eczematous or lichenified patches with discoid shape. The lesions appear predominantly on the extensor surface of extremities, although they can appear in trunk, hands or feet. This pathology has a clinical diagnosis; only few cases require complementary test. The topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of the treatment, and the causal treatment whether an infectious trigger is found. The patients have chronic or recurrent evolution. We report two cases in children with the aim of spreading knowledge among pediatricians.

[Nummular dermatitis: report of two cases in children]. / Dermatitis numular: presentación de dos casos pediátricos.

Nummular eczema or dermatitis is an uncommon paediatric pathology. It is presented as red-purplish small papules and vesicles that join to form exudative circular patches and then to eczematous or lichenified patches with discoid shape. The lesions appear predominantly on the extensor surface of extremities, although they can appear in trunk, hands or feet. This pathology has a clinical diagnosis; only few cases require complementary test. The topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of the treatment, and the causal treatment whether an infectious trigger is found. The patients have chronic or recurrent evolution. We report two cases in children with the aim of spreading knowledge among pediatricians.

La dermatitis o eccema numular es una patología poco frecuente en pediatría. El cuadro se caracteriza por un inicio con diminutas pápulas y vesículas eritematovioláceas que confluyen en placas exudativas de forma circular y evolucionan a placas eccematosas o liquenificadas de forma discoide o anular. Aparecen, predominantemente, en superficies extensoras de las extremidades, aunque pueden encontrarse en el tronco, las manos o los pies. El diagnóstico es clínico; solo en casos con mala evolución pueden ser necesarias pruebas complementarias. La base del tratamiento son los corticoides tópicos y, si se encuentra un desencadenante infeccioso, el tratamiento de la causa. Su evolución suele ser crónica o recidivante. Se presentan dos casos clínicos en población pediátrica con la finalidad de difundir entre los pediatras su conocimiento y manejo.

Enfermedad de Lyme en pediatría: distintas caras, una misma enfermedad. Serie de casos / Lyme disease in Pediatrics: different faces, the same disease. Cases series

La enfermedad de Lyme es producida por la espiroqueta Borrelia burgdorferi, que se transmite mediante la picadura de las garrapatas del género Ixodes ricinus. Se caracteriza por la aparición de un eritema migratorio en la zona de la picadura en las fases iniciales. Su diagnóstico se retrasa en gran parte de los casos y se presenta con formas diseminadas o tardías. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico; la serología suele ser negativa en las fases precoces, pero sirve de apoyo en el caso de las formas más avanzadas. El tratamiento se realiza con antibiótico oral durante 14-28 días, salvo en formas recurrentes o con afectación del sistema nervioso central. Presentamos cuatro casos de borreliosis de Lyme en niños con el fin de dar a conocer distintas formas de presentación de esta entidad y su manejo en la población pediátrica.(AU)

Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection which is transmittedby Ixodes ricinus. Erythema migrans, a rash spreading from the site of a tick bite, is the earliest and most common manifestation of the disease. If untreated, late manifestations of disseminated disease, mainly neurological and musculoskeletal, may occur. Serologic studies are usually negative in early stages and are not necessary to confirm the diagnosis in cases of erythema migrans. Laboratory confirmation is needed for disseminated disease. Most presentations, including facial nerve palsy, can be treated with oral antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is recommended in other cases of neuroborreliosis. Four cases of Lyme disease in children are reported to illustrate the different presentations of this disease and its management in children.(AU)

Enfermedad de Lyme en pediatría: distintas caras, una misma enfermedad. Serie de casos / Lyme disease in Pediatrics: different faces, the same disease. Cases series

La enfermedad de Lyme es producida por la espiroqueta Borrelia burgdorferi, que se transmite mediante la picadura de las garrapatas del género Ixodes ricinus. Se caracteriza por la aparición de un eritema migratorio en la zona de la picadura en las fases iniciales. Su diagnóstico se retrasa en gran parte de los casos y se presenta con formas diseminadas o tardías. El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico; la serología suele ser negativa en las fases precoces, pero sirve de apoyo en el caso de las formas más avanzadas. El tratamiento se realiza con antibiótico oral durante 14-28 días, salvo en formas recurrentes o con afectación del sistema nervioso central. Presentamos cuatro casos de borreliosis de Lyme en niños con el fin de dar a conocer distintas formas de presentación de esta entidad y su manejo en la población pediátrica.

Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection which is transmittedby Ixodes ricinus. Erythema migrans, a rash spreading from the site of a tick bite, is the earliest and most common manifestation of the disease. If untreated, late manifestations of disseminated disease, mainly neurological and musculoskeletal, may occur. Serologic studies are usually negative in early stages and are not necessary to confirm the diagnosis in cases of erythema migrans. Laboratory confirmation is needed for disseminated disease. Most presentations, including facial nerve palsy, can be treated with oral antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is recommended in other cases of neuroborreliosis. Four cases of Lyme disease in children are reported to illustrate the different presentations of this disease and its management in children.

[Lyme disease in Pediatrics: different faces, the same disease. Cases series]. / Enfermedad de Lyme en pediatría: distintas caras, una misma enfermedad. Serie de casos.

Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection which is transmitted by Ixodes ricinus. Erythema migrans, a rash spreading from the site of a tick bite, is the earliest and most common manifestation of the disease. If untreated, late manifestations of disseminated disease, mainly neurological and musculoskeletal, may occur. Serologic studies are usually negative in early stages and are not necessary to confirm the diagnosis in cases of erythema migrans. Laboratory confirmation is needed for disseminated disease. Most presentations, including facial nerve palsy, can be treated with oral antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is recommended in other cases of neuroborreliosis. Four cases of Lyme disease in children are reported to illustrate the different presentations of this disease and its management in children.

[Erythema induratum of Bazin associated to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection]. / Eritema indurado de Bazin asociado a infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Erythema induratum of Bazin is uncommon in children. We report the case of a 12 year-old girl from China, referred by her pediatrician with long lasting lesions of erythema nodosum and a positive tuberculin skin test (20 mm). She had no other symptoms. Physical examination showed purple nodular lesions located on both legs, mostly on the pretibial areas but also on her calves. A chest X-ray was normal. A skin biopsy was obtained, showing granulomata and septolobular panniculitis. Attempts to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis by culture and PCR were negative. M. tuberculosis was isolated in one of three gastric aspirate samples. She was treated with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. There was complete remission of the lesions. This case highlights the importance of considering erythema induratum in atypical cases of erythema nodosum and the need to perform a thorough investigation in search of active tuberculosis.

Eritema indurado de Bazin asociado a infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Erythema induratum of Bazin associated to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

El eritema indurado de Bazin es poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 12 años procedente de China remitida para estudio por sospecha de eritema nudoso de larga evolución y prueba de tuberculina positiva (20 mm). La paciente no presentaba otros síntomas. En la exploración física se observaban nódulos violáceos, localizados en ambas regiones pretibiales, pero también en ambas pantorrillas. La radiografía de tórax fue normal. Se obtuvo muestra para biopsia, que mostró una paniculitis de predominio lobulillar con presencia de granulomas. La detección de micobacterias mediante cultivo y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en la muestra fue negativa. Se aisló Mycobacterium tuberculosis en una de tres muestras de jugo gástrico. Se trató con isoniacida, rifampicina, pirazinamida y etambutol con curación de las lesiones. Este caso resalta la importancia de sospechar eritema indurado en las formas atípicas de eritema nudoso y de investigar exhaustivamente la existencia de una tuberculosis activa en estos casos.

Erythema induratum of Bazin is uncommon in children. We report the case of a 12 year-old girl from China, referred by her pediatrician with long lasting lesions of erythema nodosum and a positive tuberculin skin test (20 mm). She had no other symptoms. Physical examination showed purple nodular lesions located on both legs, mostly on the pretibial areas but also on her calves. A chest X-ray was normal. A skin biopsy was obtained, showing granulomata and septolobular panniculitis. Attempts to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis by culture and PCR were negative. M. tuberculosis was isolated in one of three gastric aspirate samples. She was treated with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. There was complete remission of the lesions. This case highlights the importance of considering erythema induratum in atypical cases of erythema nodosum and the need to perform a thorough investigation in search of active tuberculosis.

Eritema indurado de Bazin asociado a infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Erythema induratum of Bazin associated to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

El eritema indurado de Bazin es poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 12 años procedente de China remitida para estudio por sospecha de eritema nudoso de larga evolución y prueba de tuberculina positiva (20 mm). La paciente no presentaba otros síntomas. En la exploración física se observaban nódulos violáceos, localizados en ambas regiones pretibiales, pero también en ambas pantorrillas. La radiografía de tórax fue normal. Se obtuvo muestra para biopsia, que mostró una paniculitis de predominio lobulillar con presencia de granulomas. La detección de micobacterias mediante cultivo y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en la muestra fue negativa. Se aisló Mycobacterium tuberculosis en una de tres muestras de jugo gástrico. Se trató con isoniacida, rifampicina, pirazinamida y etambutol con curación de las lesiones. Este caso resalta la importancia de sospechar eritema indurado en las formas atípicas de eritema nudoso y de investigar exhaustivamente la existencia de una tuberculosis activa en estos casos.(AU)

Erythema induratum of Bazin is uncommon in children. We report the case of a 12 year-old girl from China, referred by her pediatrician with long lasting lesions of erythema nodosum and a positive tuberculin skin test (20 mm). She had no other symptoms. Physical examination showed purple nodular lesions located on both legs, mostly on the pretibial areas but also on her calves. A chest X-ray was normal. A skin biopsy was obtained, showing granulomata and septolobular panniculitis. Attempts to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis by culture and PCR were negative. M. tuberculosis was isolated in one of three gastric aspirate samples. She was treated with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. There was complete remission of the lesions. This case highlights the importance of considering erythema induratum in atypical cases of erythema nodosum and the need to perform a thorough investigation in search of active tuberculosis.(AU)

Eritema indurado de Bazin asociado a infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Erythema induratum of Bazin associated to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

El eritema indurado de Bazin es poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 12 años procedente de China remitida para estudio por sospecha de eritema nudoso de larga evolución y prueba de tuberculina positiva (20 mm). La paciente no presentaba otros síntomas. En la exploración física se observaban nódulos violáceos, localizados en ambas regiones pretibiales, pero también en ambas pantorrillas. La radiografía de tórax fue normal. Se obtuvo muestra para biopsia, que mostró una paniculitis de predominio lobulillar con presencia de granulomas. La detección de micobacterias mediante cultivo y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en la muestra fue negativa. Se aisló Mycobacterium tuberculosis en una de tres muestras de jugo gástrico. Se trató con isoniacida, rifampicina, pirazinamida y etambutol con curación de las lesiones. Este caso resalta la importancia de sospechar eritema indurado en las formas atípicas de eritema nudoso y de investigar exhaustivamente la existencia de una tuberculosis activa en estos casos.(AU)

Erythema induratum of Bazin is uncommon in children. We report the case of a 12 year-old girl from China, referred by her pediatrician with long lasting lesions of erythema nodosum and a positive tuberculin skin test (20 mm). She had no other symptoms. Physical examination showed purple nodular lesions located on both legs, mostly on the pretibial areas but also on her calves. A chest X-ray was normal. A skin biopsy was obtained, showing granulomata and septolobular panniculitis. Attempts to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis by culture and PCR were negative. M. tuberculosis was isolated in one of three gastric aspirate samples. She was treated with isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. There was complete remission of the lesions. This case highlights the importance of considering erythema induratum in atypical cases of erythema nodosum and the need to perform a thorough investigation in search of active tuberculosis.(AU)

Low risk of bacteremia in otherwise healthy children presenting with fever and severe neutropenia.

We examined 785 placentas, including 51 from documented cases of congenital toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma was detected in 16 placentas,including 1 in which congenital toxoplasmosis was ruled out. Placental screening had poor sensitivity (25%) but good specificity (99%), positive predictive value (93%), and negative predictive value (95%).