Plant-Growth Promotion and Biocontrol Properties of Three Streptomyces spp. Isolates to Control Bacterial Rice Pathogens.

Bacterial Panicle Blight caused by Burkholderia glumae is a major disease of rice, which has dramatically affected rice production around the world in the last years. In this study we describe the assessment of three Streptomyces isolates as biocontrol agents for B. glumae. Additionally, the presence of other plant-growth promoting abilities and their possible beneficial effects upon their inoculation on rice plants was evaluated as an ecological analysis for their future inoculation in rice crops. Two isolates (A20 and 5.1) inhibited growth of virulent B. glumae strains, as well as a wide range of bacterial and fungal species, while a third strain (7.1) showed only antifungal activity. In vitro tests demonstrated the ability of these strains to produce siderophores, Indoleacetic acid (IAA), extracellular enzymes and solubilizing phosphate. Greenhouse experiments with two rice cultivars indicated that Streptomyces A20 is able to colonize rice plants and promote plant growth in both cultivars. Furthermore, an egfp tagged mutant was generated and colonization experiments were performed, indicating that Streptomyces A20 -GFP was strongly associated with root hairs, which may be related to the plant growth promotion observed in the gnotobiotic experiments. In order to characterize the antimicrobial compounds produced by strain A20 bacteria, mass spectrometry analyses were performed. This technique indicated that A20 produced several antimicrobial compounds with sizes below 3 kDa and three of these molecules were identified as Streptotricins D, E and F. These findings indicate the potential of Streptomyces A20 as a biocontrol inoculant to protect rice plants against bacterial diseases.

Marine Actinobacteria as a source of compounds for phytopathogen control: An integrative metabolic-profiling / bioactivity and taxonomical approach.

Marine bacteria are considered as promising sources for the discovery of novel biologically active compounds. In this study, samples of sediment, invertebrate and algae were collected from the Providencia and Santa Catalina coral reef (Colombian Caribbean Sea) with the aim of isolating Actinobateria-like strain able to produce antimicrobial and quorum quenching compounds against pathogens. Several approaches were used to select actinobacterial isolates, obtaining 203 strains from all samples. According to their 16S rRNA gene sequencing, a total of 24 strains was classified within Actinobacteria represented by three genera: Streptomyces, Micromonospora, and Gordonia. In order to assess their metabolic profiles, the actinobacterial strains were grown in liquid cultures, and LC-MS-based analyses from ethyl acetate fractions were performed. Based on taxonomical classification, screening information of activity against phytopathogenic strains and quorum quenching activity, as well as metabolic profiling, six out of the 24 isolates were selected for follow-up with chemical isolation and structure identification analyses of putative metabolites involved in antimicrobial activities.

A bioinformatic survey of distribution, conservation, and probable functions of LuxR solo regulators in bacteria.

LuxR solo transcriptional regulators contain both an autoinducer binding domain (ABD; N-terminal) and a DNA binding Helix-Turn-Helix domain (HTH; C-terminal), but are not associated with a cognate N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) synthase coding gene in the same genome. Although a few LuxR solos have been characterized, their distributions as well as their role in bacterial signal perception and other processes are poorly understood. In this study we have carried out a systematic survey of distribution of all ABD containing LuxR transcriptional regulators (QS domain LuxRs) available in the InterPro database (IPR005143), and identified those lacking a cognate AHL synthase. These LuxR solos were then analyzed regarding their taxonomical distribution, predicted functions of neighboring genes and the presence of complete AHL-QS systems in the genomes that carry them. Our analyses reveal the presence of one or multiple predicted LuxR solos in many proteobacterial genomes carrying QS domain LuxRs, some of them harboring genes for one or more AHL-QS circuits. The presence of LuxR solos in bacteria occupying diverse environments suggests potential ecological functions for these proteins beyond AHL and interkingdom signaling. Based on gene context and the conservation levels of invariant amino acids of ABD, we have classified LuxR solos into functionally meaningful groups or putative orthologs. Surprisingly, putative LuxR solos were also found in a few non-proteobacterial genomes which are not known to carry AHL-QS systems. Multiple predicted LuxR solos in the same genome appeared to have different levels of conservation of invariant amino acid residues of ABD questioning their binding to AHLs. In summary, this study provides a detailed overview of distribution of LuxR solos and their probable roles in bacteria with genome sequence information.

Bacterial LuxR solos have evolved to respond to different molecules including signals from plants.

A future challenge will be understanding the extensive communication that most likely takes place in bacterial interspecies and interkingdom signaling between plants and bacteria. A major bacterial inter-cellular signaling system in Gram-negative bacteria is LuxI/R quorum sensing (QS) based on the production (via the LuxI-family proteins) and detection (via the LuxR-family proteins) of N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) signaling molecules. LuxR proteins which have the same modular structure of QS LuxRs but are devoid of a cognate LuxI AHL synthase are called solos. LuxR solos have been shown to be responsible to respond to exogenous AHLs produced by neighboring cells as well endogenously produced AHLs. It is now also evident that some LuxR proteins have evolved from the ability to binding AHLs and respond to other molecules/signals. For example, recent research has shown that a sub-family of LuxR solos responds to small molecules produced by plants. This indicates the presence of a uni-directional interkingdom signaling system occurring from plants to bacteria. In addition LuxR solos have now been also implicated to respond to endogenously produced signals which are not AHLs. In this Mini Review article we will discuss current trends and implications of the role of LuxR solos in bacterial responses to other signals using proteins related to AHL QS systems.

Common features of environmental and potentially beneficial plant-associated Burkholderia.

The genus Burkholderia comprises more than 60 species isolated from a wide range of niches. Although they have been shown to be diverse and ubiquitously distributed, most studies have thus far focused on the pathogenic species due to their clinical importance. However, the increasing number of recently described Burkholderia species associated with plants or with the environment has highlighted the division of the genus into two main clusters, as suggested by phylogenetical analyses. The first cluster includes human, animal, and plant pathogens, such as Burkholderia glumae, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and Burkholderia mallei, as well as the 17 defined species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex, while the other, more recently established cluster comprises more than 30 non-pathogenic species, which in most cases have been found to be associated with plants, and thus might be considered to be potentially beneficial. Several species from the latter group share characteristics that are of use when associating with plants, such as a quorum sensing system, the presence of nitrogen fixation and/or nodulation genes, and the ability to degrade aromatic compounds. This review examines the commonalities in this growing subgroup of Burkholderia species and discusses their prospective biotechnological applications.

Sharing of quorum-sensing signals and role of interspecies communities in a bacterial plant disease.

Pathogenic bacteria interact not only with the host organism but most probably also with the resident microbial flora. In the knot disease of the olive tree (Olea europaea), the causative agent is the bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Psv). Two bacterial species, namely Pantoea agglomerans and Erwinia toletana, which are not pathogenic and are olive plant epiphytes and endophytes, have been found very often to be associated with the olive knot. We identified the chemical signals that are produced by strains of the three species isolated from olive knot and found that they belong to the N-acyl-homoserine lactone family of QS signals. The luxI/R family genes responsible for the production and response to these signals in all three bacterial species have been identified and characterized. Genomic knockout mutagenesis and in planta experiments showed that virulence of Psv critically depends on QS; however, the lack of signal production can be complemented by wild-type E. toletana or P. agglomerans. It is also apparent that the disease caused by Psv is aggravated by the presence of the two other bacterial species. In this paper we discuss the potential role of QS in establishing a stable consortia leading to a poly-bacterial disease.

Commonalities and differences in regulation of N-acyl homoserine lactone quorum sensing in the beneficial plant-associated burkholderia species cluster.

The genus Burkholderia includes over 60 species isolated from a wide range of environmental niches and can be tentatively divided into two major species clusters. The first cluster includes pathogens such as Burkholderia glumae, B. pseudomallei, and B. mallei and 17 well-studied species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. The other recently established cluster comprises at least 29 nonpathogenic species, which in most cases have been found to be associated with plants. It was previously established that Burkholderia kururiensis, a member of the latter cluster, possesses an N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing (QS) system designated "BraI/R," which is found in all species of the plant-associated cluster. In the present study, two other BraI/R-like systems were characterized in B. xenovorans and B. unamae and were designated the BraI/R(XEN) and BraI/R(UNA) systems, respectively. Several phenotypes were analyzed, and it was determined that exopolysaccharide was positively regulated by the BraIR-like system in the species B. kururiensis, B. unamae, and B. xenovorans, highlighting commonality in targets. However, the three BraIR-like systems also revealed differences in targets since biofilm formation and plant colonization were differentially regulated. In addition, a second AHL QS system designated XenI2/R2 and an unpaired LuxR solo protein designated BxeR solo were also identified and characterized in B. xenovorans LB400(T). The two AHL QS systems of B. xenovorans are not transcriptionally regulating each other, whereas BxeR solo negatively regulated xenI2. The XenI2/R2 and BxeR solo proteins are not widespread in the Burkholderia species cluster. In conclusion, the present study represents an extensive analysis of AHL QS in the Burkholderia plant-associated cluster demonstrating both commonalities and differences, probably reflecting environmental adaptations of the various species.

Analysing the dhaT gene in Colombian Clostridium sp. (Clostridia) 1,3-propanediol-producing strains / Análisis del gen dhaT en cepas Colombianas de Clostridium sp. (Clostridia) productoras de 1,3-propanodiol / Análise do gene dhaT em cepas colombianas de Clostridium sp. (Clostridia), produtoras de 1,3-propanodiol

Objective: to analyze the dhaT gene, one of the genes responsible for the 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) production, in two native Clostridium strains. Materials and methods: The dhaT gene was amplified by Polimerase Chain Reaction with specific primers designed from Clostridium butyricum VPI1718 operon. Bioinformatics tools like BLASTN, ORF finder, BLASTP and ClustalW were used to determine the identity of the sequence and to assign a function. Results: DNA amplification products were obtained from Colombian Clostridium sp. native strains (IBUN 13A and IBUN 158B) and the Clostridium butyricum DSM 2478 strain, which were sequenced. According to the bioinformatics analysis of the above sequences, a high degree of similarity was found with the dhaT gene of different bacterial species. The highest percentage of identity was obtained with the Clostridium butyricum VPI 1718 strain. Conclusion: knowledge of the physical structure of the 1,3-PD operon in native strains opens the way for developing genetic and metabolic engineering strategies for improving processes productivity.

Objetivo: Analizar el gen dhaT, uno de los responsables de la producción de 1,3-propanodiol (1,3-PD), en dos cepas nativas de Clostridium. Materiales y métodos: El gen dhaT fue amplificado por Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa, por medio de cebadores específicos diseñados a partir del operon de Clostridium butyricum VPI1718. Herramientas bioinformáticas como BLASTN, ORF finder, BLASTP y ClustalW se usaron para determinar la identidad de la secuencia y asignarle una función. Resultados: Se obtuvieron productos de amplificación de DNA a partir de cepas nativas Colombianas de Clostridium sp. (IBUN 13A y IBUN 158B) y de la cepa Clostridium butyricum DSM 2478, que posteriormente fueron secuenciados. De acuerdo a los análisis bioinformáticos de las secuencias mencionadas, se encontró un alto grado de similitud con el gen dhaT de diferentes especies bacterianas. El más alto porcentaje de identidad se obtuvo con la cepa Clostridium butyricum VPI 1718. Conclusión: El conocimiento de la estructura física del operón 1,3-PD en cepas nativas, abre las puertas al desarrollo de estrategias genéticas y de ingeniería metabólica para mejorar la productividad del proceso.

Objetivo: Analisar o gene dhaT, um dos responsáveis pela produção de 1,3-propanodiol (1,3-PD) em duas cepas nativas de Clostridium. Materiais e métodos: O gene dhaT foi amplificado por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase, usando cevadores específicos sintetizados a partir do operon de Clostridium butyricum VPI1718. Ferramentas de bioinformática, tais como BLASTN, ORF finder, BLASTP e ClustalW foram utilizadas para determinar a identidade da seqüência e atribuir-lhe uma função. Resultados: Obtiveram-se produtos de amplificação do ADN a partir das cepas nativas colombianas de Clostridium sp. (IBUN 13A e IBUN 158B) e da cepa Clostridium butyricum DSM 2478, que foram posteriormente seqüenciados. Segundo a análise bioinformática das seqüências acima mencionadas, encontrou-se um elevado grau de similaridade com o gene dhaT de diferentes espécies bacterianas. A maior porcentagem de identidade foi obtida com a cepa Clostridium butyricum VPI 1718. Conclusão: O conhecimento da estrutura física do operon 1,3-PD em cepas nativas, abre as portas ao desenvolvimento de estratégias de genética e engenharia metabólica para melhorar a produtividade do processo.

The new group of non-pathogenic plant-associated nitrogen-fixing Burkholderia spp. shares a conserved quorum-sensing system, which is tightly regulated by the RsaL repressor.

A novel group of nitrogen-fixing plant-associated Burkholderia species has emerged in the last few years. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if these species possess an N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing (QS) cell-cell signalling system, and whether it is important for nitrogen fixation and other phenotypic features in Burkholderia kururiensis. It was determined that B. kururiensis, and other members of this Burkholderia species cluster, contain at least one highly conserved system, designated BraI/R, which produces and responds to N-dodecanoyl-3-oxo-homoserine lactone (C12-3-oxo-AHL). The BraI/R AHL QS is not involved in the regulation of nitrogen fixation or in several other important phenotypes, indicating that it may not be a global regulatory system. The BraI/R system is similar to LasI/R of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, as with lasI/R, there is a repressor gene, rsaL, between the braI/R genes. B. kururiensis normally synthesizes very low levels of C12-3-oxo-AHL, but the situation dramatically changes when RsaL is missing since an rsaL mutant displays a marked increase in AHL production. This unique stringent regulation indicates that RsaL could be an on/off switch for AHL QS in B. kururiensis and the ability to produce very high levels of AHL also questions the role of this molecule in the novel group of Burkholderia. The presence of a well-conserved and distinct AHL QS system among all the diazotrophic Burkholderia is a further indication that they are closely related, and that this system might play an important and conserved role in the lifestyle of this novel group of bacterial species.

DISEÑO DE OLIGONUCLEÓTIDOS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE GENES CELULOLÍTICOS Y SOLVENTOGÉNICOS EN CEPAS COLOMBIANAS DE Clostridiumsp. (CLOSTRIDIACEAE) / Oligonucleotide Probe Design for the Study of Cellulolytic and Solventogenic Genes in Colombian Clostridiumsp. strains (Clostridiaceae)

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las rutas metabólicas para la producción de solventes y degradación de celulosa en cepas colombianas promisorias del género Clostridium. Para ello se diseñaron sondas de hibridación que sirvieran para posteriores estudios de mejoramiento genético de las cepas. Se construyó la base de datos denominada MULTICLOST en Microsoft Access® con las secuencias de 485 genes involucrados en las rutas metabólicas arriba mencionadas, provenientes de 45 especies bacterianas y 10 especies fúngicas. Los genes fueron agrupados de acuerdo al tipo de enzima y a los dominios catalíticos o de unión a sustrato en el caso de las celulasas. Cada grupo se sometió a alineamiento múltiple en ClustalW 1.83 y con base en los resultados se crearon subgrupos de similitud mayor al 50%. Se localizaron secuencias conservadas de longitud mayor a 19 nucleótidos en GeneDoc 2.6.002 y sus valores termodinámicos fueron estimados con GeneRunner v3.05, mientras que la sensibilidad y especificidad fue verificada por búsquedas en GenBank usando BLASTN 2.2.8. En total se obtuvieron 94 secuencias conservadas con las siguientes características: longitud promedio de 24 nucleótidos, Tm promedio de 65,8 ºC y contenido de (G+C) entre 14,3 y 60,0%. Se determinó que ninguna de las sondas diseñadas forma estructuras secundarias estables con Tm superior a 36,1 ºC. De acuerdo a sus características y valores termodinámicos, todas las sondas podrían ser utilizadas en la construcción de un microarreglo o en reacciones de PCR para la identificación de regiones relevantes en el mejoramiento del proceso por ingeniería metabólica.

The goal of the present study was to analyze the metabolic pathways involved in solvent production and cellulose consumption by promising Colombian native strains of the genus Clostridium. Therefore a set of oligonucleotide probes was designed, with the aim of analyzing potential targets for genetic improvement of the Colombian strains. The database named MULTICLOST was created in Microsoft Access® using the sequences from 485 genes involved in solventogenesis, 1,3propanodiol production and cellulolysis from 45 bacterial and 10 fungal species. The genes were grouped according to their respective enzyme function and to the catalytic domain or the substrate binding domain in the case of cellulases. ClustalW 1.83 was used for multiple alignment of every group. Subgroups of sequences with more than 50% identity among themselves were created. Conserved sequences longer than 19 nucleotides were identified using GeneDoc 2.6.002 and their thermodynamic values were calculated with GeneRunner v3.05, while their sensitivity and specificity were verified by searching in GenBank with BLASTN 2.2.8. Ninetyfour conserved sequences were obtained with an average 24nucleotide length, 65.8ºC average Tm and a (G+C) content between 14.3% and 60.0%. None of these probes forms stable secondary structures at temperatures higher than 36.1ºC. According to the former results, all of the probes could be used in an oligonucleotide microarray or in PCR reactions for the identification of metabolic targets for improvement of the industrial process.

Genome analysis of thirteen Colombian clostridial strains by pulsed field gel electrophoresis

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis was used for estimating the size of the genome and evaluating the presence of megaplasmids in 13 native Colombian solventogenic Clostridium strains. DNA preparation and purification were optimised for obtaining differentiated restriction fragments in electrophoresis. Genomic DNA was digested with ApaI, Eco52I, SmaI and XhoI enzymes. Estimated genome size for native strains ranged from 4.0 to 4.2 mega base pairs. Larger sized plasmids were detected and the presence of genes related to megaplasmid pSOL1 was determined by polymerase chain reaction. adc gene region amplification suggested that genes related to solventogenesis in native strains may be located in an extra-chromosomal element. Determining genome size provides useful information aimed at enhancing native strains' solvent production.

Implementación y evaluación de dos métodos de conservación y generación de la base de datos del banco de cepas y genes del Instituto de Biotecnología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (IBUN) / Implementation and evaluation of two conservation and generation methods of the data base of the vine-stocks and genes bank of the Institute of Biotechnology of the National University of Colombia (IBUN)

76 cepas de las familias Enterobacteriaceae y Pseudomonadaceae fueron conservadas por el métodosemistock en papel filtro y 68 de las mismas por el método stock de criopreservación, en el banco de cepas ygenes del Instituto de Biotecnología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (IBUN). La eficacia de losmétodos de preservación se realizó mediante la evaluación de la viabilidad a las 24 horas de conservación yfue calculado el porcentaje de recuperación. En conclusión, la preservación en papel filtro y criopreservación son adecuados métodos semistock y stock, respectivamente; ya que el 73.7/100 de los microorganismos de la familia Enterobacteriaceae y el 82.3/100 de los microorganismos de la familia Pseudomonadaceae, presentaron un porcentaje de recuperación mayor al 50/100. Por otra parte, se implementó una base de datos elaborada en el software Access ®, la cual se implemento con éxito en el IBUN y en la página Web de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en la dirección electrónica que esta disponible al público en general.