Inhibition of Residual Cariogenic Bacteria in Atraumatic Restorative Treatment by Chlorhexidine: Disinfection or Incorporation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX) cavity disinfection and of CHX containing glass ionomer cement (GIC) in inhibiting residual cariogenic bacteria. METHODS: Ninety, five- to nine-year-olds were randomly allocated to three groups: Group 1-CHX containing GIC; Group 2-CHX cavity disinfection; and Group 3-conventional GIC. Total viable count (TVC), Streptococcus mutans (SM), and Lactobacillus (LB) were analyzed pre-, post-, and three months after atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). The results were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: At three months microbial evaluation, Group 1 showed 65 percent reduction of both TVC and LB and 67 percent of SM. Group two showed 64 percent, 58 percent, and 56 percent reduction of TVC, LB, and SM respectively. Group 3 exhibited 41 percent, 42 percent, and 46 percent reduction in mean TVC, LB, and SM counts respectively. Residual microbial counts for Group 3 were 0.41, 0.61, and 0.53 (105 colony forming units) for TVC, LB, and SM, respectively, which was significantly higher (P<0.01) compared to the respective microbial counts in Groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSION: Both chlorhexidine disinfection and incorporation showed superior efficacy in inhibiting residual microbes compared to conventional ART.

Effect of different oral hygiene measures on oral malodor in children aged 7-15 years.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of various oral hygiene measures individually and in combination in reducing oral malodor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total number of 120 children diagnosed as having oral malodor (oral malodor scores 2 and above) were included in the study. Children were then grouped under four oral hygiene categories (tooth brushing, tongue cleaning, mouth rinsing, and a combination group). There were 30 children in each group. The children were asked to perform oral hygiene methods individually and in combination. The children were then reassessed for oral malodor 2 h later. The results were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: Both individual oral hygiene measure or in combination of tooth brushing, tongue cleaning, and mouth rinsing; all were effective in reducing oral malodor. Significant reduction (P < 0.05) in oral malodor was seen when all three oral hygiene measures performed together. CONCLUSION: Oral malodor was significantly reduced after performing oral hygiene measures individually, but reduced more when used in combination.

An in vitro study to evaluate the effect of two ethanol-based and two acetone-based dental bonding agents on the bond strength of composite to enamel treated with 10% carbamide peroxide.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Carbamide peroxide bleaching has been implicated in adversely affecting the bond strength of composite to enamel. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol-based (Clearfil S 3 bond, Kuraray, Adper Single bond 2, 3M ESPE dental products) and acetone-based (Prime and Bond NT, Dentsply, One Step, Bisco) bonding agents on the shear bond strength of composite to enamel treated with 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 extracted human noncarious permanent incisors were randomly divided into two groups (control and experimental). Experimental group specimens were subjected to a bleaching regimen with a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching system (Opalescence; Ultradent Products Inc, South Jordan, USA). Composite resin cylinders were bonded to the specimens using four bonding agents and shear bond strength was determined with universal testing machine. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the shear bond strength between control and experimental groups with both ethanol-based (Clearfil S 3 Bond and Adper Single Bond 2) and acetone-based bonding agent (Prime and Bond NT and One Step). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: The adverse effect of bleaching on bonding composite to enamel can be reduced or eliminated by using either ethanol- or acetone-based bonding agent. Clinical Significances: Immediate bonding following bleaching procedure can be done using ethanol- or acetone-based bonding agent without compromising bond strength.

Prevalence of oral malodour and its relationship with oral parameters in Indian children aged 7-15 years.

AIM: To determine the prevalence of oral malodour in Indian children and also to assess the relationship of oral malodour with oral hygiene, gingival health, dental caries, tongue coating, mouth breathing and frequency of tooth brushing. METHOD: A total number of 900 school children (7-15 years) were included in the study. Children were assessed for the oral malodour, oral hygiene, gingival health, dental caries, tongue coating, mouth breathing and frequency of tooth brushing. RESULTS: The prevalence of oral malodour in Davangere school children was found to be 40.9%. Oral malodour was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with age, mouth breathing, tongue coating, oral hygiene status, gingival status and tooth brushing frequency. Oral malodour was not significantly correlated with gender and caries status. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malodour in the population studied was 40.9% and oral health status and oral malodour were associated with one another. The prevalence of oral malodour was considerably high and should not be neglected in children.

Evaluation of the tooth brushing skills in children aged 6-12 years.

AIM: To evaluate the tooth brushing skills in children aged between 6 and 12 years and its relation with age, type of grip used, duration of brushing and gender. METHOD: A total of 105 children aged between 6 and 12 years were divided into seven groups and their plaque scores, type of grip used and duration of brushing were assessed. RESULTS: The most preferred grip was the distal oblique (58.1 %). Oblique, distal oblique and power grips were more efficient (plaque reduction up to 70 %). Plaque removal efficacy improved with age (57 % in 6-year-olds and 82 % in 12-year-old children). Plaque reduction was greater when the duration of brushing was longer (82 % plaque reduction when the brushing time was >2.5 min). Overall, the mean duration of tooth brushing in children aged 6-12 years was 1.71 min (103 s). CONCLUSIONS: Tooth brushing skills improved with age and the duration of tooth brushing made a significant difference to the oral hygiene status of the child. The type of grip used and gender did not influence tooth brushing ability in this group of children. Tooth brushing skills were low in children younger than 10 years of age. Hence, parental supervision is considered necessary and recommended until 10 years of age.

Dentofacial characteristics in William's syndrome.

William's syndrome is a chromosomal disorder characterized by multisystem, congenital and panethnic occurrence, characterized by a number of developmental and physical abnormalities. This case report describes the dental management of a 10-year-old male patient with William's syndrome who had multiple dental problems such as caries, periodontal disease and malocclusion.

Endodontic treatment of necrosed primary teeth using two different combinations of antibacterial drugs: an in vivo study.

AIM: This study was conducted to evaluate clinical and radiographic success of endodontic treatment of infected primary teeth using two combinations of antibacterial drugs consisting of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline in one group and ciprofloxacin, ornidazole, and minocycline in the other group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The selected 40 teeth were randomly divided into two groups, viz. groups A and B with 20 teeth in each group. In Group A, antibacterial paste containing ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline and in Group B, antibacterial paste containing ciprofloxacin, ornidazole, and minocycline mixed with propylene glycol were used. Medication cavities were filled with antibiotic pastes, depending on the groups followed by Glass Ionomer restorations and stainless steel crown placement. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was carried out at 3, 6, and 12 months intervals. RESULTS: Both the groups showed considerable clinical and radiographic success. There was no statistically significant difference between Group A and B. However, group B showed better results clinically and radiographically compared with group A. CONCLUSIONS: Both the antibacterial pastes, i.e., combination of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline and ciprofloxacin, ornidazole, and minocycline mixed with propylene glycol have shown good clinical and radiographic success in treating necrotic primary teeth.

In vitro comparison of NiTi rotary instruments and stainless steel hand instruments in root canal preparations of primary and permanent molar.

This study is an attempt to compare the NiTi rotary and K-files hand instrumentation on root canal preparation of primary and permanent molars for their efficiency in preparation time, instrument failure and shaping the canals. About 20 primary mandibular second molar (I) and 20 permanent mandibular first molar (II) were selected. Each was further divided into 10 for K-files (a) and 10 for NiTi (b) groups, respectively. Results showed that preparation time Ib Ia and IIab

Nasopalatine duct cyst--a case report.

A nasopalatine duct cyst is that which occurs in or near the incisive canal. A case of nasopalatine duct cyst in a 14-year-old male is reported here.

Contamination of toothbrush at different time intervals and effectiveness of various disinfecting solutions in reducing the contamination of toothbrush.

The common devices used for oral hygiene measures are toothbrush, dentifrice and oral rinses. Present study was carried out to know the level of contamination of toothbrush after brushing and at the same time, to know the efficacy of various disinfecting solution in reducing their contamination. Thirty two children in the age group of 12-14, residing in Government Hostel were selected. They were divided into four groups of 8 each, and were supplied with toothbrushes. Toothbrushes were cultured to assess the contamination at different time intervals. Control group had shown the highest percentage of contamination. It was concluded that cleaning of the oral cavity is not the only procedure in maintaining the oral hygiene, the oral hygiene devices should also be kept clean.

Multiple congenitally missing primary teeth: report of a case.

The prevalence, possible etiological factors and management of multiple missing primary teeth was briefly reviewed. Oligodontia of the primary dentition is a rare finding. This paper reports a rare case of multiple missing (n=9) primary teeth in a 3-year-old male of Asian origin.