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1.
PLoS Pathog ; 17(7): e1009706, 2021 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34252168

ABSTRACT

Many viruses utilize the host endo-lysosomal network for infection. Tracing the endocytic itinerary of SARS-CoV-2 can provide insights into viral trafficking and aid in designing new therapeutic strategies. Here, we demonstrate that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is internalized via the pH-dependent CLIC/GEEC (CG) endocytic pathway in human gastric-adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells expressing undetectable levels of ACE2. Ectopic expression of ACE2 (AGS-ACE2) results in RBD traffic via both CG and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Endosomal acidification inhibitors like BafilomycinA1 and NH4Cl, which inhibit the CG pathway, reduce the uptake of RBD and impede Spike-pseudoviral infection in both AGS and AGS-ACE2 cells. The inhibition by BafilomycinA1 was found to be distinct from Chloroquine which neither affects RBD uptake nor alters endosomal pH, yet attenuates Spike-pseudovirus entry. By screening a subset of FDA-approved inhibitors for functionality similar to BafilomycinA1, we identified Niclosamide as a SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Further validation using a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 in AGS-ACE2 and Vero cells confirmed its antiviral effect. We propose that Niclosamide, and other drugs which neutralize endosomal pH as well as inhibit the endocytic uptake, could provide broader applicability in subverting infection of viruses entering host cells via a pH-dependent endocytic pathway.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 Drug Treatment , COVID-19/virology , SARS-CoV-2/drug effects , SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity , Virus Internalization/drug effects , Ammonium Chloride/pharmacology , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/physiology , Animals , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Cell Line , Chlorocebus aethiops , Chloroquine/pharmacology , Clathrin/metabolism , Drug Synergism , Endocytosis/drug effects , Endocytosis/physiology , Endosomes/drug effects , Endosomes/metabolism , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration/drug effects , Hydroxychloroquine/administration & dosage , Macrolides/pharmacology , Niclosamide/administration & dosage , Niclosamide/pharmacology , Protein Binding/drug effects , Protein Domains , SARS-CoV-2/physiology , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/physiology , Vero Cells
2.
Cell Microbiol ; 23(7): e13337, 2021 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33813790

ABSTRACT

Intracellular pathogens interact with host systems in intimate ways to sustain a pathogenic lifestyle. Consequently, these interactions can potentially be targets of host-directed interventions against infectious diseases. In case of tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), while effective anti-tubercular compounds are available, the long treatment duration and emerging drug resistance necessitate identification of new class of molecules with anti-TB activity, as well as new treatment strategies. A significant part of the effort in finding new anti-TB drugs is focused on bacterial targets in bacterial systems. However, the host environment plays a major role in pathogenesis mechanisms and must be considered actively in these efforts. On the one hand, the bacterial origin targets must be relevant and accessible in the host, while on the other hand, new host origin targets required for the bacterial survival can be targeted. Such targets are good candidates for host-directed therapeutics, a strategy gaining traction as an adjunct in TB treatment. In this review, we will summarise the screening platforms used to identify compounds with anti-tubercular activities inside different host environments and outline recent technical advances in these platforms. Finally, while the examples given are specific to mycobacteria, the methods and principles outlined are broadly applicable to most intracellular infections.


Subject(s)
Antitubercular Agents , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Humans
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