Investigations on the Functional connectivity disruptive patterns of progressive neurodegenerative disorders.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) are neurodegenerative diseases of the brain that affects the memory and motor regions respectively. Neurological disorders are the result of alterations at molecular level due to complex mechanisms between genetic and environmental factors. Classical approaches are focused on determining how disruptions in functional connectivity occur in the memory regions of AD and motor regions of PD. There have been studies stating that in addition to dementia, motor abnormalities may also be observed in Alzheimer's patients and on the other hand, dementia may occur in Parkinson's patients a year or more after the onset of motor symptoms. In this work, to substantiate this hypothesis the brain connectivity patterns and functional topology of motor and memory regions in AD and PD patients were analyzed and compared. Resting state functional connectivity (rs-fMRI) has been found to demonstrate the brain networks in both AD and PD. Graph theoretical modelling is being significantly used in studying the topology of the brain networks. The results show the disruption of connectivity in motor regions in later stages of AD in addition to memory regions and conversely in PD the memory regions were found to have disrupted connectivity in addition to the motor regions. Further, the Z scores of intra and inter hemispheric regions in AD and PD also indicate the disruption in connectivity as the disease progresses.

Body Image Perception and Attempts to Change Weight among Female Medical Students at Mangalore.

BACKGROUND: Assessing body image self-perception has used BMI as an indicator of nutritional status. The visual analogue scale is a highly effective instrument for assessing people's level of dissatisfaction with their body weight while evaluating the perceptual component of body image. OBJECTIVE: By knowing body mass index of female medical students, to find out their pattern of body image perception and any attempts done to change their weight. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All the students residing in MBBS ladies hostel were included in this study and a questionnaire regarding body image perception, diet, physical activity and attempts to change weight was instituted. Their responses were collected, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted. RESULTS: Among 147 study subjects, according to BMI, 25(17%) were undernourished while 111(75.5%) and 11(7.5%) were normally nourished and overweight respectively. 35(23.8%) of the subjects felt they were lean, 95(64.6%) felt they were normal and 17(11.6%) felt they were overweight. Regarding image satisfaction, 98(66.7%) of them were satisfied with their image and out of 49 who were not satisfied 30 (20.4 %) wanted to reduce weight. Skipping meals was practiced by 42 (28.6%) of subjects. CONCLUSION: About 75.5% of the study group were having normal BMI. Most of them perceived their image correctly regarding to their weight. Most of the underweight and all overweight females were not satisfied. Underweight females preferred to gain weight and overweight females preferred to lose weight.

Consumer Satisfaction about Hospital Services: A Study from the Outpatient Department of a Private Medical College Hospital at Mangalore.

BACKGROUND: Consumer satisfaction is an important parameter for assessing the quality of patient care services. There is a need to assess the health care systems regarding the consumer satisfaction as often as possible. OBJECTIVES: To assess the consumer satisfaction regarding the services provided in our outpatient department in terms of clinical care, availability of services, waiting time, and cost. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 27-item pre-tested questionnaire was given to 100 patients (caretakers in pediatric patients) at the end of their O.P.D visit from 3 to 4 pm for 5 days from November 7, 2005 to November 11, 2005. The items in the questionnaire referred to particulars of the patients such as age, sex, occupation, department requested, lab, and medical stores. While analyzing, they were grouped into categories like availability, clinical care, waiting time, and cost. The responses were expressed in proportions. RESULTS: The availability of services and clinical care was found to be satisfactory. 81% of the respondents found the communication by the doctor good, 97% of the respondents were satisfied about the explanation of the disease by the doctor The average time required for consulting the doctor was 46.5 +/- 20.9 min. But when time spent in pharmacy was considered, it was not significantly satisfactory. The cost of investigation was significantly moderate or high in 97% of the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations are required for reduction of time spent in the pharmacy and the cost of investigations to improve consumer satisfaction.