Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects , Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome/complications , Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome/diagnosis , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/complications , Pyridones/adverse effects , Aged , Biomarkers , Biopsy , Humans , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis , Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/drug therapy , Male , Skin/pathologyABSTRACT
The computer program ILAS (Integrated Lifeline Analysis System) is being developed for lifeline engineers. The ILAS is basically a program designed for analyzing earthquake risk in lifeline systems, and it includes many of the methods and algorithms for calculations proposed by researches.(AU)
Subject(s)
Engineering , Earthquakes , Risk Assessment , Software , Statistics as TopicABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of eight major seismic design codes for underground lifeline structures in Japan, which are currently applied to pipelines, common utility ducts, power cable ducts and other lifeline facilities. The history and outlines of the design codes are summarized in the paper. The seismic design codes are divided into two groups, one of which is based on the theory of seismic wave propagation and the other takes permanent ground deformation or a liquefaction-induced uplift force into consideration. Of the eight seismic esign codes, six including the Technical Standard for Oil Pipelines (1974) are classified in the former and four including the Specifications for Seismic Design of Medium and Low Pressure Gas Pipelines (1982) are in the latter group. Also presented in the paper is comparison of methodologies to estimate ground responses, wavelengths, modeling of the permanent ground deformation, soil spring characteristics, the factor of safety and allowable stress/strain for the buried lifeline structures.(AU)
