tRNA ADENOSINE DEAMINASE 3 is required for telomere maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

KEY MESSAGE: tRNA Adenosine Deaminase 3 helps to sustain telomere tracts in a telomerase-independent fashion, likely through regulating cellular metabolism. Telomere length maintenance is influenced by a complex web of chromatin and metabolism-related factors. We previously reported that a lncRNA termed AtTER2 regulates telomerase activity in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to DNA damage. AtTER2 was initially shown to partially overlap with the 5' UTR of the tRNA ADENOSINE DEAMINASE 3 (TAD3) gene. However, updated genome annotation showed that AtTER2 was completely embedded in TAD3, raising the possibility that phenotypes ascribed to AtTER2 could be derived from TAD3. Here we show through strand-specific RNA-Seq, strand-specific qRT-PCR and bioinformatic analyses that AtTER2 does not encode a stable lncRNA. Further examination of the original tad3 (ter2-1/tad3-1) mutant revealed expression of an antisense transcript driven by a cryptic promoter in the T-DNA. Hence, a new hypomorphic allele of TAD3 (tad3-2) was examined. tad3-2 mutants showed hypersensitivity to DNA damage, but no deregulation of telomerase, suggesting that the telomerase phenotype of tad3-1 mutants reflects an off-target effect. Unexpectedly, however, tad3-2 plants displayed progressive loss of telomeric DNA over successive generations that was not accompanied by alteration of terminal architecture or end protection. The phenotype was exacerbated in plants lacking the telomerase processivity factor POT1a, indicating that TAD3 promotes telomere maintenance through a non-canonical, telomerase-independent pathway. The transcriptome of tad3-2 mutants revealed significant dysregulation of genes involved in auxin signaling and glucosinolate biosynthesis, pathways that intersect the stress response, cell cycle regulation and DNA metabolism. These findings indicate that the TAD3 locus indirectly contributes to telomere length homeostasis by altering the metabolic profile in Arabidopsis.

Genes involucrados en la biogénesis de fimbrias afectan la formación de biopelículas por parte de Klebsiella pneumoniae / Genes involved in fimbrial biogenesis affect biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Introducción. Klebsiella pneumoniae es un patógeno oportunista comúnmente asociado con infecciones hospitalarias. La persistencia y patogénesis de este microorganismo pueden estar asociadas con su capacidad para formar biopelículas. Entre los factores implicados en la formación de biopelículas en diversos microorganismos están las fimbrias o pili. K. pneumoniae expresa tanto fimbria tipo 1 como fimbria tipo 3, estructuras proteicas importantes en la mediación de la adhesión a células epiteliales y la virulencia. Objetivo. Identificar genes importantes en la formación de biopelículas de K. pneumoniae. Materiales y métodos. K. pneumoniae MZ2098 se mutagenizó con el transposón miniTn10Km y subsecuentemente se tamizó para deficiencias en la formación de biopelículas en placas de 96 pozos usando medio BHI-MOPS. Los mutantes seleccionados se analizaron bajo diversas condiciones variando los medios de cultivo y las superficies utilizadas. Los genes interrumpidos por el transposón se identificaron mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa arbitraria y secuenciación. Resultados. De un banco de 9.300 inserciones en K. pneumoniae se obtuvieron 37 mutantes deficientes en su capacidad para formar biopelículas. Se identificaron tres mutantes con inserciones en genes para fimbria con fenotipos notables por su diferencia en cuanto a la capacidad para adherirse a superficies in vitro. Conclusión. Los resultados indicaron que las fimbrias tipo 1 y 3, ésta última ya implicada en este fenómeno en K. pneumoniae, son factores importantes para la adhesión y la formación de agregados multicelulares.

Introduction. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with nosocomial infections. The persistence and pathogenesis of this microorganism is associated with its capacity to form biofilms. Pili or fimbriae are among the factors implicated in biofilm formation in diverse microorganisms. Klebsiella pneumoniae expresses both type 1 and type 3 fimbriae—proteinacious structures that mediate adhesion to epithelial cells and are important for virulence. Objective. To identify genes involved in biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae. Materials and methods. Klebsiella pneumoniae MZ2098 was subjected to mutagenesis with the miniTn10Km transposon and screened for defects in ability to form biofilms. The bacteria were curltured in 96-well plates using BHI-MOPS medium. Selected mutants were analyzed under diverse conditions by varying culture conditions and growth surfaces. Genes interrupted by the transposon were identified by arbitrary polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results. Thirty-seven mutants deficient in biofilm formation were obtained by screening 9,300 transposon-insertion mutants in K. pneumoniae. Three of these mutants had insertions in genes that affected fimbrial formation, and their phenotypes showed severe defects in the capacity to adhere to surfaces in vitro. Conclusion. Type 1 and type 3 fimbriae are important factors for adhesion and formation of multicellular aggregates of K. pneumoniae.

[Genes involved in fimbrial biogenesis affect biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae]. / Genes involucrados en la biogénesis de fimbrias afectan la formación de biopelículas por parte de Klebsiella pneumoniae.

INTRODUCTION: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with nosocomial infections. The persistence and pathogenesis of this microorganism is associated with its capacity to form biofilms. Pili or fimbriae are among the factors implicated in biofilm formation in diverse microorganisms. Klebsiella pneumoniae expresses both type 1 and type 3 fimbriae-proteinacious structures that mediate adhesion to epithelial cells and are important for virulence. OBJECTIVE: To identify genes involved in biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Klebsiella pneumoniae MZ2098 was subjected to mutagenesis with the miniTn10Km transposon and screened for defects in ability to form biofilms. The bacteria were curltured in 96-well plates using BHI-MOPS medium. Selected mutants were analyzed under diverse conditions by varying culture conditions and growth surfaces. Genes interrupted by the transposon were identified by arbitrary polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. RESULTS: Thirty-seven mutants deficient in biofilm formation were obtained by screening 9,300 transposon-insertion mutants in K. pneumoniae. Three of these mutants had insertions in genes that affected fimbrial formation, and their phenotypes showed severe defects in the capacity to adhere to surfaces in vitro. CONCLUSION: Type 1 and type 3 fimbriae are important factors for adhesion and formation of multicellular aggregates of K. pneumoniae.