h-BN nanosheets as simple and effective additives to largely enhance the activity of Au/TiO2 plasmonic photocatalysts.

The activity of Au nanoparticle-loaded P25 TiO2 (Au/P25) plasmonic photocatalysts, evaluated by the oxidative decomposition of formic acid in water under visible light irradiation, was enhanced up to 3 times by simply mixing Au/P25 with photocatalytically inactive h-BN nanosheets as a result of electron transfer from photoexcited Au/TiO2 to the h-BN nanosheets and retardation of the charge recombination.

Novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction primer set for identification of Lactococcus species.

AIMS: The gram-positive bacterial genus Lactococcus has been taxonomically classified into seven species (Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus garvieae, Lactococcus piscium, Lactococcus plantarum, Lactococcus raffinolactis, Lactococcus chungangensis and Lactococcus fujiensis). This study aimed to develop a novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer set for the identification of the seven lactococcal species, as well as to differentiate the two industrially important dairy subspecies, L. lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris. METHODS AND RESULTS: A multiplex PCR primer set was designed based on the nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of the seven lactococcal species. The specificity of the established one-step multiplex PCR scheme was verified using more than 200 bacterial strains, in which a complete sequence match was confirmed by partial sequencing of their 16S rRNA gene. CONCLUSIONS: The one-step multiplex PCR enables the identification and speciation of bacterial strains belonging to the genus Lactococcus and the differentiation of strains of L. lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This work provides an efficient method for identification of lactococcal strains of industrial importance.

Soluble forms of the selectin family in children with Kawasaki disease: prediction for coronary artery lesions.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between the plasma levels of soluble forms of the selectin family and the incidence of coronary artery lesions (CALs) in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS: Thirty-three patients with KD, including group A patients (n = 22) who had no CALs and group B patients (n = 11) who had CALs, as well as age-matched febrile (n = 10) and afebrile controls (n = 11), were studied. RESULTS: Peak plasma E-selectin levels (172.0 +/- 58.6 ng ml(-1)) occurred during the acute phase of KD, while peak plasma P-selectin levels (260.3 +/- 43.2 ng ml(-1)) occurred during the subacute phase of the illness (p<0.05). Plasma L-selectin levels (1757.3 +/- 244.3 ng ml(-1)) during the convalescent phase tended to be higher than in either the acute or the subacute phase (not significant). Before intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, the plasma levels of E- (225.1 +/- 46.8 ng ml(-1)) and P-selectin (259.4 +/- 76.2 ng ml(-1)) of patients with CALs (n = 11) were significantly higher than those of patients (n = 22) with no CALs (E-selectin, 131.6 +/- 36.9 ng ml(-1); P-selectin, 184.9 +/- 84.6 ng ml(-1); p < 0.05). When a plasma E-selectin value before immunoglobulin treatment of >184.7 ng ml(-1) was used as the cut-off point, the sensitivity and specificity for the incidence of CALs were 81.8% and 90.9%, respectively. These findings demonstrate the relationship between plasma levels of selectins and disease severity of Kawasaki vasculitis. CONCLUSION: Higher plasma levels of E-selectin may have potential as a predictor of the incidence of coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease patients.

Assessment of the ability of myocardial contrast echocardiography with harmonic power Doppler imaging to identify perfusion abnormalities in patients with Kawasaki disease at rest and during dipyridamole stress.

The aim of our study was to assess the ability of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) with harmonic power Doppler imaging (HPDI) to identify perfusion abnormalities in patients with Kawasaki disease at rest and during pharmacological stress imaging with dipyridamole. Results were compared with those of 99mTc-tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging as the clinical reference standard. MCE with HPDI was performed on 20 patients with a history of Kawasaki disease. Images were obtained at baseline and during dipyridamole infusion (0.56 mg x kg(-1)) in the apical two- and four-chamber views. Myocardial opacification suitable for the analysis was obtained in all patients. Nine patients with stenotic lesions had a reversible defect after dipyridamole infusion detected by both MCE with HPDI and SPECT, and 3 patients with a history of myocardial infarction had a partially or completely irreversible defect detected by both methods. Three patients with coronary aneurysm without stenotic lesion, 4 patients with regressed coronary aneurysm, and 2 patients with normal coronary artery in acute phase also had normal perfusion at rest and after pharmacological stress by both methods. A 96% concordance (kappa = 0.87) was obtained when comparing the respective segmental perfusion scores using the two methods at baseline, and an 86% concordance (kappa = 0.81) was obtained at postdipyridamole infusion. After combining baseline and postdipyridamole images, each segment was labeled as having normal perfusion, irreversible defects, or reversible defects. Using these classifications, concordance for the two methods was 92% (kappa = 0.87). MCE with HPDI is a safe and feasible method by which to detect asymptomatic ischemia due to severe stenotic lesion, and it may be an important addition to the modalities used to identify patients at risk for myocardial infarction as a complication of Kawasaki disease.

[CD7(+) acute myeloid leukemia (M0) associated with a mediastinal bulky mass lesion].

A 41-year-old man visited his doctor in May 2000 because of a sore throat and high fever. His symptoms did not improve, despite administration of antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Since a chest X-ray examination revealed an anterior mediastinal bulky tumor, he was referred and admitted to our hospital on June 21, 2000. The peripheral white blood cell count was 44,540/microliter with 74% myeloblasts. Bone marrow aspiration revealed a hypercellular marrow with 82% myeloblasts, which were negative for peroxidase and alpha-naphthyl butylate esterase staining. Blast cells were positive for CD7, CD13, CD33, CD34, and HLA-DR, and negative for CD56. A needle biopsy specimen of the mediastinal tumor consisted of myeloblasts. We diagnosed the patient as having CD7 (+) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (M0) with a bulky mediastinal mass based on the surface marker analysis, although the clinical features resembled myeloid/NK precursor acute leukemia. The patient achieved a complete remission after two courses of induction therapy. We are planning an allogeneic stem cell transplantation during his first remission because of the high risk of relapse.

Preparation and HREM characterization of a protonated form of a layered perovskite tantalate from an Aurivillius phase Bi(2)SrTa(2)O(9) via acid treatment.

An Aurivillius phase, Bi(2)SrTa(2)O(9), which consists of perovskite-like slabs and bismuth oxide sheets, was treated with 3 M hydrochloric acid for 72 h, and the resultant product was characterized. Scanning electron microscopy investigation indicated that no morphological change occurred during the acid treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the product exhibited tetragonal symmetry with a = 0.391 +/- 0.004 nm and c = 0.98 +/- 0.01 nm, and the a parameter is consistent with a typical value for cubic perovskite oxides. High-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) observations along both [001] and [010] showed that the structure of the perovskite-like slabs in Bi(2)SrTa(2)O(9) was retained after the acid treatment. The compositional analyses revealed the loss of a large portion of bismuth and a part of strontium (present in the bismuth oxide sheets due to B <--> Sr disorder) and the introduction of protons. These observations indicate that the bismuth oxide sheets in Bi(2)SrTa(2)O(9) were selectively leached and that protons were introduced into the interlayer space to form a protonated layered perovskite, H(1.8)[Sr(0.8)Bi(0.2)Ta(2)O(7)]. Though diffraction techniques (XRD and electron diffraction) demonstrated that an average structure of H(1.8)[Sr(0.8)Bi(0.2)Ta(2)O(7)] consisted of perovskite-like slabs stacked without displacement, HREM observation along [010] demonstrated that both a simple stacking sequence without displacement (P-type) and a stacking sequence with a relative displacement by (a + b)/2 (I-type) were present in H(1.8)[Sr(0.8)Bi(0.2)Ta(2)O(7)].

[Psycho-oncology and its scientific background].

Psycho-oncology has two purposes corresponding to the psychosocial aspects of cancer: 1. to clarify the psychosocial impacts of cancer on the quality of life of the patient, family and staff; 2. to clarify the role that psychosocial and behavioral variables may have in cancer risk and survival. For these purposes, patient education, counseling, behavioral and psychopharmacological techniques have been applied to clinical oncology. In this paper, we review psycho-oncology and its scientific background, with respect to neuroradiology and molecular genetics, as well as psychiatry, psychology, epidemiology, pharmacology and immunology.

Computer-based methods for the mouse full-length cDNA encyclopedia: real-time sequence clustering for construction of a nonredundant cDNA library.

We developed computer-based methods for constructing a nonredundant mouse full-length cDNA library. Our cDNA library construction process comprises assessment of library quality, sequencing the 3' ends of inserts and clustering, and completing a re-array to generate a nonredundant library from a redundant one. After the cDNA libraries are generated, we sequence the 5' ends of the inserts to check the quality of the library; then we determine the sequencing priority of each library. Selected libraries undergo large-scale sequencing of the 3' ends of the inserts and clustering of the tag sequences. After clustering, the nonredundant library is constructed from the original libraries, which have redundant clones. All libraries, plates, clones, sequences, and clusters are uniquely identified, and all information is saved in the database according to this identifier. At press time, our system has been in place for the past two years; we have clustered 939,725 3' end sequences into 127,385 groups from 227 cDNA libraries/sublibraries (see http://genome.gse.riken.go.jp/).

Comparative evaluation of 5'-end-sequence quality of clones in CAP trapper and other full-length-cDNA libraries.

To enhance the usefulness of the laboratory mouse and to facilitate the rapid assay of gene functions we have been collecting the entire set of mouse full-length cDNA by one-pass sequencing. To collect full-length cDNA clones efficiently, it is critical to construct high-quality cDNA libraries. In recent years, we have been developing a way to construct full-length cDNA libraries by using biotinylation of the cap structure (the 'CAP-trapper' method) coupled with treatment to increase reverse transcriptase efficiency at high temperature by the addition of trehalose. In this paper we report our evaluation of the quality of CAP trapper and a number of other full-length cDNA libraries, including the results of 5' end analysis of clones in CAP trapper and the other libraries. We used a procedure that compared the 5'-ends of cDNA clones with those of genes in the public databases. Our analysis showed that 63% of cDNA clones in CAP trapper libraries had sequences that were either the same length as those of equivalent genes in the public database or 5'-extended, and that 90% of these clones maintained their coding sequences. These results indicate that the CAP trapper library is a promising tool for collecting full-length cDNA in large-scale projects. Comparison of the quality of CAP trapper with that of other full-length-cDNA libraries confirmed the value of these libraries.

Quantitative assessment of severity of ventricular septal defect by three-dimensional reconstruction of color Doppler-imaged vena contracta and flow convergence region.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility and potential value of the computer-controlled, 3D, echocardiographic reconstruction of the color Doppler-imaged vena contracta (CDVC) and the flow convergence (FC) region as a means of accurately and quantitatively estimating the severity of a ventricular septal defect (VSD). METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a 3D reconstruction of the CDVC and the FC region in 19 patients with an isolated VSD using an ultrasound system interfaced with a Tomtec computer. The variable asymmetric geometry of the CDVC and the FC region could be 3D-visualized in all patients. The 3D-measured areas of CDVC correlated well with volumetric measurements of the severity of VSD (r=0.97, P:<0.001). Regression analysis between the shunt flow rate (calculated from the product of the area of CDVC and the continuous Doppler-derived velocity time integral) and the corresponding reference results (calculated by cardiac catheterization) demonstrated a close correlation (r=0.95, P:<0.001). There was also a good correlation between shunt flow rates calculated using the conventional 2D, 1-axis measurement of the FC isovelocity surface area with the hemispheric assumption (r=0.95, P:<0.001); shunt flow rates calculated using 3D, 3-axis measurements of the FC region (r=0.97, P:<0.01); and reference results by cardiac catheterization. However, the 2D method substantially underestimated the actual shunt flow rate. CONCLUSIONS: The 3D reconstruction of the CDVC and the FC region may aid in quantifying the severity of VSD.

Sequential evaluation of left ventricular myocardial performance in children after anthracycline therapy.

This study prospectively assessed subclinical cardiotoxicity in patients undergoing chemotherapy by using the Tei index combining systolic and diastolic time intervals. A significant difference in the Tei index was observed between patients who received a low dose and those who received a moderate to high dose of anthracycline antibiotic drugs. The Tei index is a sensitive, accurate, and easy approach for detecting subclinical anthracycline cardiotoxicity.

Normalization and subtraction of cap-trapper-selected cDNAs to prepare full-length cDNA libraries for rapid discovery of new genes.

In the effort to prepare the mouse full-length cDNA encyclopedia, we previously developed several techniques to prepare and select full-length cDNAs. To increase the number of different cDNAs, we introduce here a strategy to prepare normalized and subtracted cDNA libraries in a single step. The method is based on hybridization of the first-strand, full-length cDNA with several RNA drivers, including starting mRNA as the normalizing driver and run-off transcripts from minilibraries containing highly expressed genes, rearrayed clones, and previously sequenced cDNAs as subtracting drivers. Our method keeps the proportion of full-length cDNAs in the subtracted/normalized library high. Moreover, our method dramatically enhances the discovery of new genes as compared to results obtained by using standard, full-length cDNA libraries. This procedure can be extended to the preparation of full-length cDNA encyclopedias from other organisms.

Lithium carbonate in prophylaxis of reappearing catatonic stupor: case report.

The case of a patient with reappearing stupor, accompanied by auditory hallucinations and persecutory ideas during the periods and not with alternating excitement, is reported. After 24 years of neuroleptics medication with little effect, the lithium carbonate regimen was started, which showed a remarkable prophylactic effect. The implications of lithium carbonate treatment for recurrent psychosis are discussed.

Quantitation of the global right ventricular function in children with normal heart and congenital heart disease: a right ventricular myocardial performance index.

Although the assessment of right ventricular (RV) function is important in the clinical management of children with congenital heart disease, available imaging techniques have been limited because of the complex geometry of the right ventricle. A new Doppler index combining systolic and diastolic time intervals (the Tei index) has been reported to be useful for the assessment of global RV function in adults. However, normal values in children, age-related changes, and the clinical utility of the Tei index with regard to congenital heart disease have not been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess RV function in children with normal heart and congenital heart disease using the Tei index. The subjects included 150 healthy children and 43 patients with congenital heart disease (35 patients with atrial septal defects and 8 patients who had had a Senning operation). The index was defined as the sum of isovolumetric contraction time and isovolumetric relaxation time divided by ejection time and was measured from conventional RV outflow and inflow Doppler velocity profiles. The Tei index was not affected by age in healthy children (0.24 +/- 0.04). There was a significant difference in index rating between patients who had had a Senning operation (0.58 +/- 0.09) and healthy children (p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between children with atrial septal defect (0.25 +/- 0.13) and healthy children. The Tei index is a feasible approach to use when assessing global RV function in children with congenital heart disease.

Generation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the gut in zymosan-induced peritonitis.

In major systemic inflammation such as severe peritonitis, various pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6, play important roles in the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the outflow of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines from the efferent mesenteric lymphatic vessels under peritonitis. Mesenteric lymph samples were collected from adult male rats at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hr after an intraperitoneal injection of zymosan at a dosage of 0.1 mg/g (non-lethal dose) or 0.5 mg/g (lethal dose). Blood samples were obtained at 10 hr after zymosan administration. The amounts of drained TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the lymph peaked at 2-4 hr and 4-8 hr after zymosan administration, respectively. The amounts of drained IL-10 in the lymph gradually increased until 10 hr. The amounts of drained TNF-alpha and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph were significantly correlated with the dosage of zymosan. In conclusion, under intraperitoneal inflammation, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6) increased in the mesenteric lymph and were drained into circulation. IL-10, one of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, also increased in the mesenteric lymph after several hours' delay and its increase was remarkable in several inflammations. These findings suggested that the gut might be one of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine-generating organs under peritonitis. The lymph-drained amounts of each cytokine under peritonitis are considered to differ with the time or severity of inflammation, which may cause different conditions in patients due to the imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Three-dimensional helical computed tomographic angiography in neonates and infants with complex congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: For the clinical management of patients with complex congenital heart disease (CHD), accurate evaluation of their morphologic conditions is critical. Three-dimensional (3D) helical computed tomography (CT) angiography has been used to assess the vascular system in adult patients; the indication for complex CHD, especially in the neonatal period, has not yet been defined. Therefore the purposes of our study were to determine the quality and limitations of current 3D helical CT angiography for neonates and infants with complex CHD and to assess the clinical utility of this technique. METHODS AND RESULTS: 3D helical CT angiography was performed in 17 patients with various types of complex CHD. Their median age was 41 days (range 3 days to 9 months), and mean body weight was 3.6 kg (range 2.2 to 8.5 kg). All 3D images were produced with the 3D reconstruction algorithm of shaded-surface display. Oral sedation was required in only 4 infants during the procedure. 3D helical CT angiography clearly demonstrated the shape and spatial relation of great arteries, proximal branch pulmonary arteries, anomalous pulmonary venous connections, the patent ductus arteriosus, and a shunt. The 3D information of extracardiac morphologic characteristics and 3D anatomic relation of each extracardiac structure were easily recognized by this imaging process. However, intracardiac structure could not be visualized because of blurred and/or unclear edges of the ventricular wall caused by respiratory movement. CONCLUSIONS: 3D helical CT angiography represents an important additional diagnostic tool and may become an alternative method to angiography or other noninvasive techniques used in the evaluation of extracardiac anomalies in neonates and infants with complex CHD.

[Epidemiological studies on drug-resistance patterns, coagulase types, and MRSA-phage types of MRSA isolates during 1990-1994].

We examined drug-resistance patterns, coagulase types, and MRSA-phage types of 125 MRSA strains isolated from clinical specimens during the period of January 1990 and December 1994. No vancomycin-resistant strain was isolated. Twenty one antibiotics were divided into three classes, low-intermediate- and high-isolation-frequency class, based on isolation frequencies of resistant strains. Minocycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and imipenem were found to be included in low-isolation-frequency class (16.8-40%). In intermediate-isolation-frequency class (45.6-62.9%), cefmetazole, amikacin, gentamicin, and tetracycline were included. Oxacillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, ceftizoxime, cefoperazone, cefazolin, erythromycin, oleandomycin, kitasamycin, clindamycin, kanamycin, tobramycin, and ofloxacin belonged to high-isolation-frequency class (97.6-100%). MIC90s of vancomycin and minocycline (1.56 and 25 micrograms/ml) were lower than that of other 13 drugs. Comparing medical ward with dental ward, imipenem-, gentamicin-, and minocycline-resistant strains at medical ward, chloramphenicol- and streptomycin-resistant strains at dental ward were isolated dominantly on each ward, MRSA isolates were classified to 39 types by drug-resistance patterns. The isolation frequencies of coagulase type II and type IV strains were 65.6% and 29.6%, respectively. At dental ward, the isolation frequency of coagulase type IV strains was higher than that of coagulase type II strains during 1990-1992. However, coagulase type II strains were isolated considerably more than type IV strains during 1993-1994. By MRSA-phage typing, MRSA isolates were grouped into 18 MRSA-phage types. One hundred and twenty five MRSA isolates were divided into 56 types by using drug-resistance patterns, coagulase typing, and MRSA-phage typing. It was considered that such classification in combination of three methods is useful to make decision of epidemic by the same MRSA strain.

Application of the RLGS image analysis tool (RAT) to the construction of a genetic linkage map of recombinant inbred strain SMXA.

The construction of a genetic linkage map is the first, fundamental step to analyze the genetic properties of any organism. For this purpose, the restriction landmark genome scanning method (RLGS) can be used and has been shown to have high productivity in various genetic analyses. However, construction of a genetic linkage map by the RLGS method is laborious, because hundreds of spots must be scored, usually by visual observation. In order to reduce human involvement in the data processing, we developed an image analysis software, RAT (RLGS Analysis Tool). We evaluated its accuracy and feasibility by comparing the parental distribution patterns of RLGS spots obtained by RAT and by human observation, using Syrian hamster strain backcross progeny. We then used RAT to construct a genetic linkage map of the recombinant inbred strain SMXA. We were able to obtain 121 progenitor strain-specific spots that were assigned to a specific chromosome.

Progression of congenital heart disease in the prenatal period.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal echocardiography has shown evidence of prenatal development of congenital heart disease. Prenatal cardiac anatomy, chamber size and function change during gestation, so that the appearance of cardiac structure in abnormal hearts may be different from that which is usually seen postnatally. METHODS: Published prenatal echocardiographic studies were reviewed and in utero development of congenital heart disease from midtrimester to the early postnatal period is discussed. RESULTS: The growth of the great vessels and ventricles is reduced in fetuses with ventricular outflow obstruction. Valve regurgitation may progress. The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus have been reported to become restrictive in utero in several settings. Pulmonary vascular obstructive changes may progress prenatally. Fetal arrhythmia (both bradycardia and tachycardia) may develop in utero. Development of congestive heart failure is a very important issue during follow up of fetuses with significant cardiac or extracardiac problems. Some may progress to fetal hydrops and prognosis of the affected fetuses is usually very poor. CONCLUSIONS: Correct knowledge of possible development is important for accurate prenatal diagnosis. Information on prenatal progression of the cardiac anomaly is also important to make plans for follow up and perinatal management, to predict outcomes and to counsel family. Furthermore, the benefits of prenatal treatment instead of postnatal treatment should be assessed by the accurate prediction of the progression of the cardiac problem in utero. Further extensive studies using a large number of cases is required to predict progression accurately. In addition, further studies for elucidating the mechanisms of progression is important to provide better outcomes for fetuses with various congenital heart diseases.

Identification of stable RNA hairpins causing band compression in transcriptional sequencing and their elimination by use of inosine triphosphate.

To identify stable RNA secondary structure causing band compression, 30 lambda DNA clones and four cDNA clones (about 10 kb in total length) were sequenced using Transcriptional Sequencing, which is based on the phage RNA polymerase chain termination reaction with fluorescent 3' deoxynucleoside triphosphate, using the canonical set of rNTPs for the substrate. Electrophoresis was performed on acrylamide gel containing 7 M urea at 50 degrees C using ABI 377 DNA sequencer. A total of 159 band compressions were identified, and most compression sites seem to be due to hairpin structures. We also found that the presence of rITP in place of rGTP in the sequencing reaction can entirely eliminate all band compressions. The use of rITP gave a better peak uniformity and resolution in the sequencing gel in the case of lambda DNA than with c7rGTP, leading to improved accuracy in the sequence determination. Substitution of the base analog rITP for rGTP should be useful for accurate sequencing determination.