ABSTRACT
Mutation at codon 315 of katG gene is the major cause for isoniazid (INH) resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Substitution at codon 315 of katG gene was analyzed in 85 phenotypically resistant isolates collected from various parts of southern India by direct sequencing method. The obtained results were interpreted in the context of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of INH. Of the 85 phenotypically resistant isolates, 56 (66%) were also correlated by the presence of resistance mutations in the katG gene; 47 of these isolates had ACC, 6 had AAC, 2 had ATC, and one had CGC codon. The frequency of Ser315 substitution in katG gene was found to be higher (70%) amongst multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains than among non-MDR (61%) INH-resistant isolates. Further, the frequency of mutations was found to be greater (74%) in isolates with higher MIC values in contrast to those isolates with low MIC values (58%). Therefore, the study identified high prevalence of Ser315Thr substitution in katG gene of INH-resistant isolates from south India. Also, isolates harboring this substitution were found to be associated with multidrug and high level INH resistance.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Catalase/genetics , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Mutation/genetics , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/genetics , Adult , Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Codon/genetics , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Humans , India , Isoniazid , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Middle Aged , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Young AdultABSTRACT
Migraine is associated with a variety of electroencephalographic (EEG) changes. Previous studies using analogue EEG and old diagnostic criteria may under or over report the prevalence of EEG changes in migraine. The objective of this study was to reevaluate the EEG changes in migraine patients diagnosed by applying the new International Classification of Headache Disorder -2 criteria. This was a case control study involving 70 migraine patients and 70 age and gender matched control who were subjected to scalp EEG. The EEG changes during hyperventilation (HV), which were significantly more common in the migraine group were theta activity (34 vs 22, p = 0.038) and frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA) (10 vs 3, p = 0.042). Applying the new ICHD -2 diagnostic criteria and digital EEG, this study yielded previously unrecognized features including FIRDA during HV on EEG.
Subject(s)
Electroencephalography , Migraine Disorders/diagnosis , Adult , Female , Humans , Malaysia , Male , Migraine Disorders/classificationABSTRACT
Clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (47 ofloxacin-susceptible and 71 ofloxacin-resistant) strains obtained from individual patients from various parts of India were analyzed for gyr A mutation in quinolone resistant determining region (QRDR). Most of the mutations were seen clustered in the codons 90, 94 and 95, which is a hot spot region of QRDR. The types of mutations were correlated with the in vitro susceptibility pattern of the strains to ofloxacin. The mutations: A90V was found coded for low-level resistance (MIC
Subject(s)
Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , DNA Gyrase/genetics , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Mutation , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Ofloxacin/pharmacology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Humans , India/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Migraine is associated with a variety of personality traits. The objective of this study was to reevaluate the personality traits using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) in migraine patients diagnosed by applying the new International Classification of Headache Disorders-2 criteria. METHODS: This was a case control study involving 70 migraine patients and 70 age- and gender-matched controls. The personality traits in the two groups were analysed using the MMPI. Data was analysed using the chi-square test. RESULTS: The migraine patients showed a higher MMPI score on the following personality traits: depression (39 versus 15, p-value is less than 0.0005), and anxiety (24 versus 11, p-value equals 0.011). Both depressive and anxiety personality traits were significantly higher in migraine patients. CONCLUSION: All migraine patients should probably be screened for their personality traits and psychopathology using the MMPI.
