ABSTRACT
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma can arise from endometriosis; however, it is distinct from other types of epithelial ovarian carcinoma in terms of its clinicopathological and molecular features. Cancer antigen 125 lacks the sensitivity and specificity required for accurate clinical diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma. Therefore, the aim of the current review was to identify novel biomarker candidates for the immunohistochemical and serological diagnosis of clear cell carcinoma. A search of the relevant English language literature published between 1966 and 2014 was conducted using the PubMed MEDLINE online database. High-throughput tissue microarray technology and proteomic screening combined with mass spectrometry may provide additional information regarding diagnostic biomarker candidates for ovarian clear cell carcinoma. The present review summarizes the characteristics of potential genomic alterations that activate cancer signaling pathways and, thus, contribute to carcinogenesis. The major signaling pathways activated in clear cell carcinoma are associated with cell cycle regulation (hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 and tumor protein D52), growth factor signaling (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1; KiSS-1 metastasis-suppressor; erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2; and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2), anti-apoptosis and survival pathways [sialidase 3 (membrane sialidase)], metabolism (γ-glutamyltransferase 1), chemoresistance (napsin A aspartic peptidase, glutathione peroxidase 3; and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1), coagulation [coagulation factor III (thromboplastin, tissue factor); and tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2], signaling (lectin, galactoside-binding and soluble, 3), and adhesion and the extracellular matrix [cadherin 1, type 1, E-cadherin (epithelial); versican; and laminin, α 5]. The present review of the relevant literature may provide a basis for additional clinical investigation of the ovarian clear cell carcinoma serum biomarker candidate proteins identified herein.
ABSTRACT
This study describes an approach for genotyping individual Cryptosporidium oocysts obtained from sewage. We isolated single immunofluorescent assay (IFA)-stained Cryptosporidium oocysts from sewage concentrate using glass capillary pipettes and inverted epifluorescence microscopy. Each isolated Cryptosporidium oocyst was analyzed by semi-nested PCR for the 18S rRNA gene and direct sequencing of the PCR products. A total of 74 of 107 oocysts isolated from sewage were genotyped successfully. Of the 74 genotyped isolates, 51% (38 oocysts) were identified as C. parvum genotype 1, 4% (3 oocysts) of C. parvum VF383 human isolates, 20% (15 oocysts) of C. parvum genotype 2, 14% (10 oocysts) of C. meleagridis, 7% (5 oocysts) of C. sp. Pig 1, 3% (2 oocysts) of C. sp PG1-26 pig isolates and 1% (1 oocyst) of C. parvum CPM1 isolated from mouse. The results of this study demonstrate that 18S rRNA-based semi-nested PCR and direct sequencing can be used to characterize individual Cryptosporidium oocysts and also to reveal the distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in environmental waters.
