Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome due to Rhabdomyolysis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome following Cardiogenic Shock.

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is a relatively rare disease that causes rapid demyelination, resulting in pontine and central nervous system damage with various symptoms, including impaired consciousness. It often occurs when hyponatremia is rapidly corrected. However, it can also occur when a normonatremic patient suddenly develops hypernatremia. A 51-year-old man developed cardiogenic shock with impaired consciousness, hyperCKemia, hypernatremia, and hyperglycemia. Osmotic demyelination syndrome secondary to rhabdomyolysis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome was suspected. The patient's fluid volume decreased because of osmotic diuresis caused by hyperglycemia, and the blood sodium level increased rapidly. The latter resulted in ODS, which in turn resulted in a prolonged disturbance of consciousness, from which he has not yet recovered. ODS has been reported as a serious complication of rapid correction of hyponatremia, although it also occurs when normonatremia leads to hypernatremia. This disease is difficult to diagnose, as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is often unremarkable several weeks after its onset. This case of ODS occurred when normonatremia led to hypernatremia, as a result of rhabdomyolysis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Diagnosis was made based on the MRI brain findings.

Long-term use of carvedilol in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Despite its recommendation by the current guidelines, the role of long-term oral beta-blocker therapy has never been evaluated by randomized trials in uncomplicated ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients without heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction or ventricular arrhythmia who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS AND RESULTS: In a multi-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial, STEMI patients with successful primary PCI within 24 hours from the onset and with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥40% were randomly assigned in a 1-to-1 fashion either to the carvedilol group or to the no beta-blocker group within 7 days after primary PCI. The primary endpoint is a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome. Between August 2010 and May 2014, 801 patients were randomly assigned to the carvedilol group (N = 399) or the no beta-blocker group (N = 402) at 67 centers in Japan. The carvedilol dose was up-titrated from 3.4±2.1 mg at baseline to 6.3±4.3 mg at 1-year. During median follow-up of 3.9 years with 96.4% follow-up, the cumulative 3-year incidences of both the primary endpoint and any coronary revascularization were not significantly different between the carvedilol and no beta-blocker groups (6.8% and 7.9%, P = 0.20, and 20.3% and 17.7%, P = 0.65, respectively). There also was no significant difference in LVEF at 1-year between the 2 groups (60.9±8.4% and 59.6±8.8%, P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Long-term carvedilol therapy added on the contemporary evidence-based medications did not seem beneficial in selected STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CAPITAL-RCT (Carvedilol Post-Intervention Long-Term Administration in Large-scale Randomized Controlled Trial) ClinicalTrials.gov.number, NCT 01155635.

Ultrasound-guided versus conventional femoral venipuncture for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a multicentre randomized efficacy and safety trial (ULTRA-FAST trial).

Aims: Complications of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) are frequently related to vascular access. We hypothesized that ultrasound-guided (USG) venipuncture may facilitate the procedure and reduce complication rates. Methods and results: We conducted a multicentre, randomized trial in patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF on uninterrupted anticoagulation therapy. The study enrolled consecutive 320 patients (age: 63 ± 8 years; male: 62%) and were randomized to USG or conventional venipuncture in 1:1 fashion. It was prematurely terminated due to substantially lower-than-expected complication rates, which doubled the population size needed to maintain statistical power. While the complication rates did not differ between two study arms (0.6% vs. 1.9%, P = 0.62), intra-procedural outcome measures were in favour of the USG approach (puncture time, 288 vs. 369 s, P < 0.001; first pass success, 74% vs. 20%, P < 0.001; extra puncture attempts 0.5 vs. 2.1, P < 0.001; inadvertent arterial puncture 0.07 vs. 0.25, P < 0.001; unsuccessful cannulation 0.6% vs. 14%, P < 0.001). Though these measures varied between trainees (49% of procedures) and expert operators, between-arm differences (except for unsuccessful cannulation) were comparably significant in favour of USG approach for both subgroups. Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided puncture of femoral veins was associated with preferable intra-procedural outcomes, though the major complication rates were not reduced. Both trainees and expert operators benefited from the USG strategy. (www.clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT02834221).