ABSTRACT
The therapeutic potential of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors in central nervous system-related diseases has attracted attention worldwide. However, the availability of reversible-type inhibitor is still limited to clarify the pharmacological effect. Herein, we report the discovery of novel spiro chemical series as potent and reversible MAGL inhibitors with a different binding mode to MAGL using Arg57 and His121. Starting from hit compound 1 and its co-crystal structure with MAGL, structure-based drug discovery (SBDD) approach enabled us to generate various spiro scaffolds like 2a (azetidine-lactam), 2b (cyclobutane-lactam), and 2d (cyclobutane-carbamate) as novel bioisosteres of 3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl moiety in 1 with higher lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE). Optimization of the left hand side afforded 4f as a promising reversible MAGL inhibitor, which showed potent in vitro MAGL inhibitory activity (IC50 6.2 nM), good oral absorption, blood-brain barrier penetration, and significant pharmacodynamic changes (2-arachidonoylglycerol increase and arachidonic acid decrease) at 0.3-10 mg/kg, po. in mice.
Subject(s)
Drug Design , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Monoacylglycerol Lipases/antagonists & inhibitors , Oxazines/pharmacology , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Monoacylglycerol Lipases/metabolism , Oxazines/chemistry , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis , Spiro Compounds/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a major serine hydrolase that hydrolyzes 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol in the brain. Because 2-AG and AA are endogenous biologically active ligands in the brain, inhibition of MAGL is an attractive therapeutic target for CNS disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we report the structure-based drug design of novel piperazinyl pyrrolidin-2-ones starting from our hit compounds 2a and 2b. By enhancing the interaction of the piperazinyl pyrrolidin-2-one core and its substituents with the MAGL enzyme via design modifications, we identified a potent and reversible MAGL inhibitor, compound ( R)-3t. Oral administration of compound ( R)-3t to mice decreased AA levels and elevated 2-AG levels in the brain.
Subject(s)
Drug Design , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Monoacylglycerol Lipases/antagonists & inhibitors , Piperazine/chemistry , Pyrrolidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrrolidines/pharmacology , Animals , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Male , Mice , Models, Molecular , Monoacylglycerol Lipases/chemistry , Protein Conformation , Pyrrolidines/chemistryABSTRACT
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel 3-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxamide derivatives are described. These compounds are generated by hybridization of the substructures from two types of tachykinin NK(1) receptor antagonists. Compound 42 showed high metabolic stability and excellent efficacy in the guinea-pig GR-73637-induced locomotive activity assay at 1 and 24h after oral administration. It also exhibited good pharmacokinetic profiles in four animal species, and a low potential in a pregnane X receptor induction assay.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemistry , Amides/pharmacology , Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/metabolism , Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists , Piperidines/chemistry , Administration, Oral , Amides/chemical synthesis , Amides/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Microsomes/metabolism , Motor Activity/drug effects , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Pregnane X Receptor , Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism , Receptors, Steroid/metabolism , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
As a novel class of IKKbeta inhibitors, a series of tricyclic furan derivatives was designed and synthesized based on the structure of known thiophene IKKbeta inhibitors. Among the various fused furan derivatives synthesized, a benzothieno[3,2-b]furan derivative 13a displayed potent inhibitory activity towards IKKbeta in enzymatic and cellular assays. The potent inhibitory activity originates from an intramolecular non-bonded S...O interaction which was confirmed by the X-ray structure of JNK3 with 16k. The introduction of further substituents on the core structure led to the discovery of the 6-alkoxy derivatives, which possessed a comparable IKKbeta inhibitory activity to 13a and an improved metabolic stability. Among these, appropriately lipophilic compounds 16a, h, i, and 13g (log D>2) were found to possess good oral bioavailability.
