A systematic review and meta-analysis of the topical administration of tranexamic acid in total hip and knee replacement.

Intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to be effective in reducing blood loss and the need for transfusion after joint replacement. Recently, there has been interest in applying it topically before the closure of surgical wounds. This has the advantages of ease of application, maximum concentration at the site of bleeding, minimising its systemic absorption and, consequently, concerns about possible side-effects. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis which included 14 randomised controlled trials (11 in knee replacement, two in hip replacement and one in both) which investigated the effect of topical TXA on blood loss and rates of transfusion. Topical TXA significantly reduced the rate of blood transfusion (total knee replacement: risk ratio (RR) 4.51; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.02 to 6.72; p < 0.001 (nine trials, I(2) = 0%); total hip replacement: RR 2.56; 95% CI: 1.32 to 4.97, p = 0.004 (one trial)). The rate of thromboembolic events with topical TXA were similar to those found with a placebo. Indirect comparison of placebo-controlled trials of topical and intravenous TXA indicates that topical administration is superior to the intravenous route. In conclusion, topical TXA is an effective and safe method of reducing the need for blood transfusion after total knee and hip replacement. Further research is required to find its optimum dose for topical use.

Return to sport following amputation.

Amputation in athletes has a substantial impact on lifestyle and sporting activity, as well as self-perception and quality of life. The impact of limb loss on athletic ability will vary depending on the cause of amputation and the anatomical location of the amputation. The use of sporting activity for rehabilitation of amputees was first introduced in 1944 at Stoke Mandeville Hospital. The first international paralympic games were founded in 1960. Following these events the opportunity to participate in sport following limb loss has increased significantly. Sport participation has been aided by the development of sporting prostheses, however multiple factors will determine the exact prosthesis used. These include the nature of the sporting activity as well as the level of the amputation. The biomechanics involved in walking and running are altered following the loss of a limb or part thereof. This can cause subsequent degenerative changes within the remaining joints on the amputated limb as well as the contralateral limb. Factors affecting return to sporting activity are multivariate and inter-related, including patient factors, surgical factors, nature and level of the sporting activity and prosthetic factors. The authors review current literature, detail predictive factors of return to sport and the physical and psychosocial impact on patients following limb amputation.

Arthroscopic excision of heterotopic calcification in a chronic rectus femoris origin injury: a case report.

Rectus femoris origin injuries in adult athletes are uncommon. In the acute phase, conservative treatment seems to have a favourable outcome, with surgical repair reserved for unsuccessful cases only. However, a group of patients may develop chronic pain and disability after recovery from the acute phase due to heterotopic calcification occurring at the site of injury. Open and arthroscopic excision of such calcifications has been described in the literature although arthroscopic excision of large calcified lesions in the rectus femoris has not been reported previously. A relevant case is presented and discussed.

Comparison of the minimally invasive and standard medial parapatellar approaches for primary total knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: The minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approach has been popularised as an alternative to the standard medial parapatellar approach (MPP) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Advocates of this technique suggest earlier functional recovery due to less injury to the surrounding tissues. Potential disadvantages however may include reduced overall exposure, component malalignment and damage to neurovascular structures. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and quasi-randomised trials were conducted to compare the MIS and MPP approaches in primary TKA. Methodological features were rated independently by two reviewers. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were included involving 733 patients with mean age of 69 (SD ± 2.8) in the MIS group and 692 patients with mean age of 68.6 (SD ± 3.1) in the MPP group. Using a MIS approach led to significant increase in flexion within the first week after a TKA (mean difference (MD) of 9.9° (95% confidence interval (CI) 8.2-11.6, P < 0.01)). However, this effect was not sustainable at further follow-ups of ≥ 3 months. MIS showed a significantly increased risk of developing intraoperative complications with a risk ratio (RR) of 7.6 (95% CI 3.5-16.3, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: MIS results in superior function in the immediate postoperative period after a primary TKA but is also associated with increased rates of intraoperative complications, and therefore, a standard approach that allows adequate exposure and avoids tension to the wound edges would be more appropriate to prevent such complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, Level I.

Tranexamic acid in total knee replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of tranexamic acid (TXA) upon blood loss and transfusion in primary total knee replacement. The review used the generic evaluation tool designed by the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group. A total of 19 trials were eligible: 18 used intravenous administration, one also evaluated oral dosing and one trial evaluated topical use. TXA led to a significant reduction in the proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion (risk ratio (RR) 2.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1 to 3.1, p < 0.001; heterogeneity I(2) = 75%; 14 trials, 824 patients). Using TXA also reduced total blood loss by a mean of 591 ml (95% CI 536 to 647, p < 0.001; I(2) = 78%; nine trials, 763 patients). The clinical interpretation of these findings is limited by substantial heterogeneity. However, subgroup analysis of high-dose (> 4 g) TXA showed a plausible consistent reduction in blood transfusion requirements (RR 5.33; 95% CI 2.44 to 11.65, p < 0.001; I(2) = 0%), a finding that should be confirmed by a further well-designed trial. The current evidence from trials does not support an increased risk of deep-vein thrombosis (13 trials, 801 patients) or pulmonary embolism (18 trials, 971 patients) due to TXA administration.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of tranexamic acid in total hip replacement.

We report a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomised controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing blood loss and transfusion in total hip replacement (THR). The data were evaluated using the generic evaluation tool designed by the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group. We identified 11 clinical trials which were suitable for detailed extraction of data. There were no trials that used TXA in revision THR. A total of seven studies (comprising 350 patients) were eligible for the blood loss outcome data. The use of TXA reduced intra-operative blood loss by a mean of 104 ml (95% confidence interval (CI) -164 to -44, p = 0.0006, heterogeneity I(2) 0%), postoperative blood loss by a mean of 172 ml (95% CI -263 to -81, p = 0.0002, heterogeneity I(2) 63%) and total blood loss by a mean of 289 ml (95% CI -440 to -138, p < 0.0002, heterogeneity I(2) 54%). TXA led to a significant reduction in the proportion of patients requiring allogeneic blood transfusion (risk difference -0.20, 95% CI -0.29 to -0.11, p < 0.00001, I(2) 15%). There were no significant differences in deep-vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, infection rates or other complications among the study groups.