[Evaluation of the efficacy of paracetamol as a component of postoperative combined analgesia in children].

Postoperative pain is one of the most serious problems in patients who have undergone surgical interventions. The paper analyzes the efficiency of various postoperative analgesia regimens in children and shows the high efficiency of paracetamol as a component of combined anesthesia in the postoperative period.

[Mechanisms of early changes in water-electrolyte metabolism in man in various ground-based models of the effects of microgravity]. / Mekhanismy rannikh izmenenii vodno-élektrolitnogo obmena u cheloveka pri modelirovanii éffektov mikrogravitatsii.

Analysed was an array of data amassed in 4 series of experiments with simulated microgravity effects (HDT (-6 degrees); dry and suited immersions in horizontal and vertical position). Water-electrolyte turnover in blood and urine and hormonal controls have been under study. It was demonstrated that irrespective of the body axis position relative to the gravity vector in the immersion models, reactions of the active regulation of the water--electrolyte metabolism were noted already within the initial hours, i.e. more rapidly than in HDT. During the early phase of adaptation to the immersion models, some ostensibly similar responses were governed by different hormonal controls. Unlike the dry immersion, the suited immersion tests with various body positioning modified not only the strength but the dynamics of the water-electrolyte regulation, too. Findings also included differences in the dynamics osmo- and volumoregulation in the vertical and horizontal suited immersion tests which are, possibly, reflective of recruitment of different stimulating mechanisms and efficiency of organs-targets.

[Water-salt metabolism and its hormonal regulation studied in the 2nd joint Soviet-French space flight]. / Issledovanie vodno-solevogo obmena i ego gormonal'noi reguliatsii vo vtorom sovmestnom sovetsko-frantsuzskom kosmicheskom polete.

During a 25-day space mission of French cosmonaut on board Mir station, the joint Soviet-French Czecho-Slovak experiment "Minilab" has been conducted in order to evaluate a fluid-electrolyte metabolism status and its hormonal control at different flight stages and early postflight. In cosmonaut venous blood was drawn twice, and 24-hour urine samples were collected on mission Days 5 and 19. With the aid of Plasma-02 equipment the blood plasma and urinary samples were treated, frozen and maintained aboard the station. Postflight, frozen samples were delivered to the laboratory for further analyses. In-flight, urinary excretion of fluid and sodium decreased by 25-35%. On mission Day 9, the blood plasma levels of vasopressin increased by 450% and on Day 20 by 700% as opposed to the baseline levels, blood aldosterone content was also elevated with an increased renal excretion of both hormones. Blood plasma renin activity elevated two-fold, and atrio-natriuretic factor (ANF) content practically did not differ from a baseline value. In-flight circulating plasma volume (CPV) decreased by 20%. Postflight, there occurred the body hypohydration and activation of the hormonal systems providing a retention of body fluids and electrolytes to restore an adequate CPV and fluid-electrolyte homeostatic as a whole.

[Dynamics of prostaglandin contents and several indicators of lipid metabolism in man exposed to prolonged hypokinesis]. / Dinamika soderzhaniia prostaglandinov i nekotorykh pokazatelei lipidnogo obmena u cheloveka v usloviiakh dlitel'noi gipokinezii.

Nine healthy test subjects divided into Group A and Group B were bed rested (with the head down at -5 degrees) for 370 days. Group A subjects exercised from the beginning of the study while Group B subjects began exercising only 120 days after. During the study prostaglandins PGE and PGF2 alpha in serum and fatty acids in serum and erythrocyte membranes were measured. The lipid concentration in erythrocyte membranes decreased during the study and returned to the norm at a final stage and after the study. However, changes in higher fatty acids and a dramatic decline of prostaglandin give evidence for serious alterations of lipid metabolism at the cellular level.

[Calcium pooling by plasma and extra-plasma buffer systems: effects of prolonged hypokinesia]. / Reaktsiia srochnogo deponirovaniia kal'tsiia plazmennymi i vneplazmennymi bufernymi sistemami: vliianie uslovii dlitel'noi gipokinezii.

Healthy test subjects were intravenously injected with calcium solutions during ambulatory activity and after 100-day exposure to head-down tilt. It was demonstrated that different mechanisms were involved in maintaining ionized calcium at a constant level and that their contribution changed after the tilt study. It was also shown that the capacity of extra plasma pool was decreased, kinetic characteristics of the Ca2+ binding reaction were modified, and responses of mineralotropic hormones to induced hypercalcemia were enhanced.

[Status of water-electrolyte homeostasis and the systems of hormonal regulation during 237-day space flight]. / Sostoianie vodno-solevogo gomeostaza i sistem gormonal'noi reguliatsii pri 237-sutochnom kosmicheskom polete.

On mission days 216-219 two crewmembers collected urine and recorded their food and water consumption during three days on end. The cosmonaut-physician withdrew blood samples from the vein and finger. In addition, he made venipuncture to himself and drew blood. Urine and blood samples were frozen and returned to the ground for analysis. In spite of individual variations of each cosmonaut, they all showed a trend for water and sodium retention which was provided by adequate hormonal rearrangement, i. e. increased production of ADH and aldosterone. No disorders in calcium and phosphorus metabolism were seen. Immediately postflight the cosmonauts displayed typical changes in fluid-electrolyte balance and renal function that suggested body dehydration and adjustment to Earth's gravity.