ABSTRACT
Objective The purpose of this study was to document sleep quality and assess its sociodemographic, behavioral (i.e., tobacco use, alcohol use, and screen time), and mental-health-related indicators (i.e., anxiety and depression) in adults aged 30-59 years across three states of India, and to geo-locate state and district-level findings of sleep quality during the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods From October 2020 to April 2021, residents (aged 30-59 years) of Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, and Delhi completed a web-based survey that included sociodemographic and behavioral factors, clinical history of COVID-19, and mental health screening instruments for anxiety and depression, namely the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item (GAD-2) and Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate the quality of sleep. Average PSQI scores were geo-mapped. Results Of the 694 participants who responded, 647 completed the PSQI. The mean (SD) global PSQI score was 5.99 (3.2), with approximately 54% of participants reporting poor sleep quality (PSQI Score>5). Eight hotspot districts with severe sleep disturbances (mean score PSQI>6.5) were identified. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that compared to Madhya Pradesh, participants from Kerala and Delhi had 62% and 33% lower chances of having poor sleep quality, respectively. Those who screened positive for anxiety had higher odds of having poor sleep quality (adjusted odds ratio {aOR}=2.4, P=0.006*). Conclusion Overall, sleep quality was poor during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (October 2020-April 2021), especially among those who reported high levels of anxiety. Among the three included states, there were differences in sleep quality.
ABSTRACT
Forensic entomology To elucidate the time of death based on insect evidence, there are several studies on forensic entomology on life cycles, environmental factors, and feeding habitats of insects. However, there have not been any comprehensive studies on forensic entomology and its usage in forensic inquiry specific to the region, especially Kerala, India. The insect succession on decomposed animal matter plays an important role in estimating minimum postmortem intervals (mPMI). Objective The purpose of the study was to understand forensically important insect groups and their role in the decomposition process of dead decaying matter. The different decomposition stages of a corpse vary in attraction to necrophagous insects and the insect fauna depending on its prevailing conditions of decay. The decomposition is highly dependent on the exposition of animal matter and abiotic and biotic factors acting on it. The main objective of the present investigation was to identify the insect fauna associated with decaying chicken liver. The study also envisages comprising the diversity and abundance of insects between two different treatments of animal matter: in contact with soil and controlled conditions in a clean basin. Method The study was conducted for 45 days (until the total decomposition of the samples in both conditions) during the pre-monsoon months of April to May 2022 at Chalikadavu, Muvattupuzha, in the Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. The samples were however kept away from direct sunlight and rain to avoid the direct impact on the orienting fauna. The entomofauna found to be associated with the decaying animal matter was carefully collected from the site and stored in 70% isopropyl alcohol for preservation. The total number of insects was recorded along with the hours of maximum incidence, and samples were stored in plastic vials for further identification. Result In this study, we analyzed the activities of ants, mites, wasps, cockroaches, moths, beetles, and flies during the decomposition of decaying chicken liver. Among these insects, flies and beetles are two important arthropod communities associated with animal matter decomposition. We collected these foraging organisms for morpho-taxonomic identification. The decomposition stages among the two treatments could help to understand the variable factors in the decomposition of decaying corpse with special reference to the insect fauna acting on it. Conclusion We got 100 specimens comprising 28 species in 17 families from Blattidae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. Besides this, we identified two parasitic wasps with their host (dipteran pupa), which is helpful in postmortem interval (PMI) estimation. Our analysis showed an association between decay and the activity of carrion insects. The decomposition stages among the two treatments could help to understand the variable factors in the decomposition of a decaying corpse with special reference to the insect fauna acting upon it.
