Abdominal obesity and associated factors among urban adults in Southwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study.

Introduction: the obesity epidemic is growing faster in developing countries with no exception of Ethiopia. Currently, abdominal obesity is identified as a major risk factor for chronic diseases due to the accumulation of liable fat. However, despite the evidence of certain documented data, abdominal obesity has been on the rise in Ethiopia, especially in urban areas. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with abdominal obesity among adults in Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: a community-based cross-sectional study was employed on 845 adults selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were entered using Epi-data version 3.1 and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. Simple linear regression was conducted to identify candidate variables. A multivariable linear regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with abdominal obesity. P-value<0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Results: a total of 806 respondents participated in this study, making a response rate of 95.4%. The magnitude of abdominal obesity was found to be 24.6% (95% CI: 21.5, 27.5). Physical activity (ß= -2.053; 95%CI: -3.353, -0.454), alcohol consumption (ß=1.631; 95%CI: 0.176, 3.087), and age (ß=0.319; 95%CI: 0.250, 0.389) were significantly associated with abdominal obesity. Conclusion: the magnitude of abdominal obesity among adults in the study area was high compared to previous studies. Alcohol drinking, being physically inactive, and age were predictors of abdominal obesity. There is a need for intervention for adults with physical inactivity and alcohol consumption to reduce abdominal obesity.

Menstrual abnormality, maternal illiteracy, and household factors as main predictors of anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Adolescent girls are more likely to develop anemia as a result of physical and physiological changes that place a greater strain on their nutritional needs. Primary studies, on the other hand, may not be sufficient to provide a complete picture of anemia in adolescent girls and its major risk factors. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to describe the pooled prevalence of adolescent girls' anemia and the factors that contribute. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of observational studies using the databases CINAHL (EBSCO), PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the articles, and studies of fair to good quality were included. We pooled anemia prevalence among adolescents and odds ratio estimates for risk factors. Subgroup analysis employing sample size and study setup was computed to determine the source of heterogeneity, and the I2 test was used to identify the existence or absence of substantial heterogeneity during subgroup analysis. The pooled prevalence of adolescent girls' anemia was calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis model. RESULTS: The overall pooled prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia was 23.03% (95% confidence interval: 17.07, 28.98). Low dietary diversity (odds ratio: 1.56; 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 2.32), illiterate mothers (odds ratio: 1.45; 95% confidence interval: 1.13, 1.86), household size greater than five (odds ratio: 1.65; 95% confidence interval: 1.14, 2.38), food-insecure households (odds ratio: 1.48; 95% confidence interval: 1.21, 1.82), and menstrual blood flow more than 5 days (odds ratio: 6.21; 95% confidence interval: 1.67, 23.12) were the identified factors associated with anemia among adolescent girls. CONCLUSION: The pooled prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls in Ethiopia was moderately high. Therefore, to combat the burden of anemia among adolescent girls offering nutritional education is crucial. Iron supplementation is also recommended for adolescent females who have a menstrual cycle that lasts longer than 5 days.

Towards universal health coverage: The level and determinants of enrollment in the Community-Based Health Insurance (CBHI) scheme in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Community-based health insurance (CBHI) is a risk-pooling approach that tries to disperse health expenditures across families with varying health profiles to provide greater access to healthcare services by allowing cross-subsidies from wealthy to poor populations. It is crucial to assess the level of CBHI enrolment and its determinants in Ethiopia, where government health spending is limited to less than 5% of GDP, far below the Alma Ata Declaration's benchmark of 15%. Although various epidemiological studies on CBHI enrolment status and its determinants have been undertaken in Ethiopia, the results have been inconsistent, with significant variability. However, no nationwide study assessing the pooled estimates exists today. Furthermore, the estimated strength of association at the country level varied and was inconsistent across studies. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at estimating the pooled prevalence of CBHI enrolment and its determinants in Ethiopia. METHODS: A comprehensive search of studies was done by using PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct, HINARI, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The database search was complemented by google scholar and some repositories for grey literature. The search was carried out from February 11 to March 12, 2022. The relevant data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheet and analyzed using STATATM Version 16. Studies reporting the level and determinants of CBHI enrolment in Ethiopia were considered. A weighted DerSimonian Laired random effect model was applied to estimate the pooled national prevalence of CBHI enrolment. The Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 tests were used to assess the heterogeneity of the included studies. A funnel plot, Begg's and Egger's tests, were used to check for the presence of publication bias. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were eligible for this systematic review and meta-analysis with a total of 8418 study participants. The overall pooled prevalence of CBHI enrolment in Ethiopia was 45.5% (95% CI: 32.19, 58.50). Affordability of premium for the scheme[OR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.68, 3.47], knowledge of respondents on the CBHI scheme[OR = 4.35, 95% CI 2.69, 6.01], perceived quality of service[OR = 3.21, 95% CI 2.04, 4.38], trust in the scheme[OR = 2.32, 95% CI 1.57, 3.07], and the presence of a person with a chronic disease in the household [OR = 3.58, 95% CI 2.37, 4.78] were all found to influence CBHI enrolment. CONCLUSION: Community health workers (CHWs) need to make a high effort to improve knowledge of CBHI in rural communities by providing health education. To deal with the issue of affordability, due emphasis should be placed on building local solidarity groups and strengthening local initiatives to aid poor members. Stakeholders in the health service delivery points need to focus on the dimensions of high service quality. The financial gap created by the adverse selection of households with chronically ill members should be rectified by implementing targeted subsidies with robust plans.

Time to Return to Work After an Occupational Injury and Its Prognostic factors Among Employees of Large-Scale Metal Manufacturing Facilities in Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort.

Background: Globally, occupational risk factors are thought to be responsible for at least 1.9 million deaths and 90 million disability-adjusted life years per year. Occupational injury survivorship has increased in Ethiopia in recent years. However, the vast majority of the victims are young people who are impacted in their everyday life as a result of occupational injuries. While research in developed countries has revealed several factors related to early return to work, there have been very few studies of significance in underdeveloped countries, including Ethiopia. Methods: Metalworkers who had an occupational accident between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2021, were investigated in a facility-based retrospective cohort. Data was collected from 422 medical records and registration books using a standardized abstraction tool. STATA 15 was used to analyze the data. The median time it took to return to work was computed. The Kaplan Meier survival curve was used to estimate the time to return to work across covariates. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify statistically significant predictors of return to work. Results: After a median of 45 days away from work, 310 of the 422 (73.5%) cases returned to work (95% CI 39.7-50.2). The total incidence density of return to work was 1.21 (95% CI = 1.01-1.30) per 100 person-days observed. Professional certification (AHR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.62-2.87), working as a rigger (AHR: 1.59, 95% CI 1.20-2.10), having dependents at home (AHR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.09-2.64), and injuries caused by body movement without any physical stress (AHR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.92-3.56) were all associated with return to work. Conclusion: Return to work is influenced by a range of factors other than the type or severity of the injury incurred. Multidisciplinary approaches such as clinical treatment and rehabilitation, ergonomics interventions, and economic and social assistance should be prioritized in the efforts to aid employees' return to work.

The prevalence of Implanon discontinuation and associated factors among Ethiopian women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Implanon discontinuation before the recommended time is problematic, as it puts women at risk of unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortions, along with negative maternal health outcomes. Although the magnitude and determinants of Implanon discontinuation have been studied in Ethiopia, the results were inconsistent, with significant variability. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at estimating the pooled prevalence of Implanon discontinuation and its determinants in Ethiopia. METHODS: A comprehensive search of studies published before 18 February 2022 was done using electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library. The relevant data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel 2013 and analyzed using STATA Version 16. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used to compute pooled prevalence and odds ratio. The Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 tests were used to assess the heterogeneity of the included studies. A funnel plot, Begg's, and Egger's tests were used to check for the presence of publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 11 studies with 4320 study participants were included in this meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of Implanon discontinuation in Ethiopia was found to be 32.62% (95% confidence interval = 24.10, 41.13). There was significant heterogeneity among the included studies (I2 = 97.4%, p < 0.001). However, there was no statistical evidence of publication bias (p = 0.533). Dissatisfied with service provision at the time of insertion (odds ratio = 3.92, 95% confidence interval = 1.54, 6.29), not having pre-insertion counseling (odds ratio = 2.98, 95% confidence interval = 1.91, 5.04), the absence of post-insertion follow-up (odds ratio = 4.03, 95% confidence interval = 2.17, 5.90), and the presence of side effects (odds ratio = 2.93, 95% confidence interval = 1.87, 3.98) were found to be determinants of Implanon discontinuation. CONCLUSION: According to this systematic review and meta-analysis, one-third of Ethiopian women discontinued Implanon before the recommended time (3 years). Program managers and service providers should consider using more evidence-based and participatory counseling approaches to enhance client satisfaction. Furthermore, family planning service delivery points should be equipped to manage and reassure women who are experiencing side effects.

Food safety practice and associated factors in public food establishments of Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In terms of global impact, foodborne infections have been likened to major infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, with 1 in 10 people becoming ill and 420,000 deaths per year. A large number of these incidents are caused by improperly handled food in foodservice establishments. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to estimate the proportion of food handlers in Ethiopian commercial food service establishments who have safe food handling practices and their associated factors. METHODS: Studies conducted before 02-05-2022 were explored in PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Ovid MEDLINE®, as well as other sources. A total of fourteen studies were included in the final synthesis. Data were extracted using a standardized data extraction format prepared in Microsoft excel and the analysis was done using STATA 16 statistical software. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical assessment checklist for prevalence studies. To evaluate publication bias, a funnel plot and Egger's regression test were employed. The I2 statistic was calculated to examine for study heterogeneity. To assess the pooled effect size, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals across studies, the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was used. Subgroup analysis was conducted by region and publication year. The influence of a single study on the whole estimate was determined via sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Of 323 identified articles, 14 studies were eligible for analysis (n = 4849 participants). The pooled prevalence estimate of safe food handling practices among Ethiopian food handlers was 47.14% (95% CI: 39.01-55.26, I2 = 97.23%). Foodservice training (OR, 3.89; 95% CI: 2.37-5.40), having on-site water storage facilities (OR, 4.65; 95% CI: 2.35-6.95), attitude (OR, 4.89; 95% CI: 1.39-8.29), hygiene and sanitary inspection certification (OR, 3.08; 95% CI: 1.62-4.45) were significantly associated with safe food handling practice among food handlers. CONCLUSION: This review identified that improvements are needed in food handling training, government regulation, and infrastructure. Standard regulations for food service enterprises must be implemented on a local and national level. Though long-term food safety requires legislation and training, failure to address infrastructure challenges can harm public health efforts. Access to safe drinking water and the presence of sanitary waste management systems should all be part of the basic infrastructure for ensuring the safety of food in food businesses.

Dietary Practice and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Misha Woreda, South Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Proper food and good nutrition are essential for survival, physical growth, mental development, performance and productivity, and health and well-being. Pregnancy is a critical phase in a woman's life. The aim of this study is to assess the dietary practice and associated factors among pregnant women in Misha woreda, south Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Misha woreda, South Ethiopia, on pregnant women. Data were collected by using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data were entered in EpiData V-3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Binary logistic regression analysis was also employed to examine the association between dependent and independent variables. A P value of <0.05 was considered as the cutoff point to declare statistical significance. RESULT: Out of 618 pregnant women, almost all of them 618 interviewed with the response rate of 100%. The mean age of pregnant women was 27.31 years (±5.622). From total study participants, 54.1% of the respondents were followers of protestant religion and 80.2% of husband occupation were farmers and 78.7% pregnant women occupation were house wives. From the total participants, 43.6% had illness on the current pregnancy. Almost two third 66.2% of the pregnant women travel ≥ 1 hr to reach HF. Majority of the participants (62%) had moderate knowledge about dietary practice in pregnancy, and 29.5% practiced good dietary practice. Educational status (AOR = 4.07 [2.13, 9.18]), occupation (AOR = 5.32 [1.08, 13.95]), dietary knowledge (AOR = 7.2 [3.9, 17.09]), and food craving (AOR = 2.07 [1.41, 5.5]) were variables having a significant association with dietary practice. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of good dietary practice among pregnant women in Misha district was low when compared to other studies. According to the study result, educational status, occupation, dietary knowledge, and food craving were factors that affect dietary practice.