Analysis of land use and land cover change using machine learning algorithm in Yola North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria.

The dynamic use of land that results from urbanization has an impact on the urban ecosystem. Yola North Local Government Area (Yola North LGA) of Adamawa state, Nigeria, has experienced tremendous changes in its land use and land cover (LULC) over the past two decades due to the influx of people from rural areas seeking for the benefits of its economic activities. The goal of this research is to develop an efficient and accurate framework for continuous monitoring of land use and land cover (LULC) change and quantify the transformation in land use and land cover pattern over a specific period (between 2002 and 2022). Land sat images of 2002, 2012, and 2022 were obtained, and the Support Vector Machine classification method was utilized to stratify the images. Land Change Modeler (LCM) tool in Idrissi Selva software was then used to analyze the LULC change. SVM produced a good classification result for all three years, with 2022 having the highest overall accuracy of 95.5%, followed by 2002 with 90% and 2012 with 87.7% which indicates the validity of the algorithm for future predictions. The results showed that severe land changes have occurred over the course of two decades in built-up (37.32%), vegetation (forest, scrubland, and grassland) (-3.27%), bare surface (-33.47%), and water bodies (-0.59%). Such changes in LULC could lead to agricultural land lost and reduced food supply. This research develops a robust framework for continuous land use monitoring, utilizing machine learning and geo-spatial data for urban planning, natural resource management, and environmental conservation. In conclusion, this study underscores the efficacy of support vector machine algorithm in analyzing complex land use and land cover changes.

Airway Management During Diagnostic Laparoscopic Surgery: A Comparison of I-Gel and Proseal Laryngeal Mask Airway.

Background: Supraglottic airway devices (SADs) may be used during laparoscopic procedures in place of the often utilised endotracheal tube. The Proseal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) is designed with an inflatable cuff, which provides an excellent oropharyngeal seal, and the I-gel is a newer SAD designed with a softer and noninflatable cuff and sharing similar features with PLMA. Aim and Objectives: This study compared the ease of insertion, haemodynamic and ventilatory parameters as well as morbidities associated with these SADs when used for airway management during diagnostic laparoscopic procedures. Patients and Methods: Eighty American Society of Anaesthesiologist I and II patients aged 18-60 years undergoing diagnostic laparoscopic surgery under controlled ventilation had either I-gel or PLMA used for airway management. Anaesthesia was induced with standard dose of propofol, patient received atracurium, fentanyl and the SAD inserted. Pulse oximetry, capnography, noninvasive blood pressure, oropharyngeal leak pressure (OLP), and evidence of pharyngolaryngeal morbidity were assessed. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0. The quantitative variables were analysed using the Student's t test and the qualitative using the Chi-square test. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The success rates at first insertion for I-gel and PLMA were 95% and 80%, respectively (P = 0.04). The mean changes in mean arterial pressure following insertion were 9.6 mmHg (±4.7) and 10.6 mmHg (±8) for I-gel and PLMA, respectively (P = 0.02). The OLP during insufflation was higher in the PLMA (35.8 cmH2O) than in the I-gel group (27.9 cmH2O) (P = 0.57). In the I-gel group, 12.5% of the patients had oropharyngeal morbidities compared with 37.5% in the PLMA group (P = 0.009). Conclusion: Both I-gel and PLMA provide optimal ventilation during abdominal insufflation, with PLMA providing a better oropharyngeal seal, whereas I-gel has a better haemodynamic profile.

Relationship between Sinonasal Anatomical Variations and Symptom Severity in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Background: Anatomical variations are subtle structural abnormalities around the osteomeatal complex that might obstruct paranasal sinus drainage and ventilation. The role of these anatomical variants in chronic rhinosinusitis is still controversial and unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anatomical variations and their relationship with the severity of symptoms in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among randomly selected patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Sinonasal Outcome Test-20 (SNOT-20) was used to assess the patient's severity of symptoms. Computed tomographic scan was used to determine the presence of anatomical variations. The relationship between anatomical variations and symptom severity was determined using the Statistical Products and Service Solution (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: There were 70(58.3%) males and 50(41.7%) females within the age range of 17-60 years. SNOT-20 scoring showed 6(5.0%) of the patients with mild symptoms, 69(57.5%) with moderate, 37(30.8%) with severe, and 8(6.7%) with profound symptoms. The prevalence of sinonasal anatomical variants was 26.7%, which comprised of septal deviation (10.8%), agger nasi (6.7%), concha bullosa (4.2%), Haller cells (3.3%), and Onodi cells (1.7%). There was a statistically significant relationship between the anatomical variations and symptom severity (P = 0.000). Conclusion: This study found a significant relationship between anatomical variations and severity of chronic rhinosinusitis. The prevalence of anatomical variants was found to be 26.7%.

Contexte: Les variations anatomiques sont des anomalies structurelles subtiles autour du complexe ostéoméatal qui peuvent obstruer le drainage et la ventilation des sinus paranasaux. Le rôle de ces variantes anatomiques dans la rhinosinusite chronique est encore controversé et peu clair. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence des variations anatomiques et leur relation avec la sévérité des symptômes chez les patients atteints de rhinosinusite chronique. Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale menée auprès de patients sélectionnés au hasard et atteints de rhinosinusite chronique. Sinonasal Outcome Test-20 (SNOT-20) a été utilisé pour évaluer la gravité des symptômes du patient. La tomodensitométrie a été utilisée pour déterminer la présence de variations anatomiques. La relation entre les variations anatomiques et la gravité des symptômes a été déterminée à l'aide de la version 20 de la solution SPSS. Résultats: Il y avait 70 (58,3%) hommes et 50 (41,7%) femmes dans la tranche d'âge de 17 à 60 ans. Le score SNOT-20 a montré que 6 (5,0%) des patients présentaient des symptômes légers, 69 (57,5%) des symptômes modérés, 37 (30,8%) des symptômes graves et 8 (6,7%) des symptômes profonds. La prévalence des variantes anatomiques naso-sinusiennes était de 26,7%, comprenant la déviation septale (10,8%), l'agger nasi (6,7%), la concha bullosa (4,2%), les cellules de Haller (3,3%) et les cellules d'Onodi (1,7%). Il y avait une relation statistiquement significative entre les variations anatomiques et la sévérité des symptômes (P = 0,000). Conclusion: Cette étude a trouvé une relation significative entre les variations anatomiques et la sévérité de la rhinosinusite chronique. La prévalence des variantes anatomiques était de 26,7%.