ABSTRACT
Despite advances in the genomic classification of breast cancer, current clinical tests and treatment decisions are commonly based on protein-level information. Nowadays breast cancer clinical treatment selection is based on the immunohistochemical (IHC) determination of four protein biomarkers: Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1), Progesterone Receptor (PGR), Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2), and proliferation marker Ki-67. The prognostic correlation of tumor-infiltrating T cells has been widely studied in breast cancer, but tumor-infiltrating B cells have not received so much attention. We aimed to find a correlation between immunohistochemical results and a proteomic approach in measuring the expression of proteins isolated from B-cell lymphocytes in peripheral blood samples. Shotgun proteomic analysis was chosen for its key advantage over other proteomic methods, which is its comprehensive and untargeted approach to analyzing proteins. This approach facilitates better characterization of disease-associated changes at the protein level. We identified 18 proteins in B cell lymphocytes with a significant fold change of more than 2, which have promising potential to serve as breast cancer biomarkers in the future.
Subject(s)
B-Lymphocytes , Biomarkers, Tumor , Breast Neoplasms , Humans , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Female , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , B-Lymphocytes/metabolism , B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Proteomics/methods , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism , Middle AgedABSTRACT
The Mg-Zn-Ca system has previously been proposed as the most suitable biodegradable candidate for biomedical applications. In this work, a series of ribbon specimens was fabricated using a melt-spinning technique to explore the glass-forming ability of the Mg-Zn-Ca system along the concentration line of 7 at.% of calcium. A glassy state is confirmed for Mg50Zn43Ca7, Mg60Zn33Ca7, and Mg70Zn23Ca7. Those samples were characterised by standard methods to determine their mass density, hardness, elastic modulus, and crystallisation temperatures during devitrification. Their amorphous structure is described by means of pair distribution functions obtained by high-energy X-ray and neutron diffraction (HEXRD and ND) measurements performed at large-scale facilities. The contributions of pairs Mg-Mg, Mg-Zn, and Zn-Zn were identified. In addition, a transformation process from an amorphous to crystalline structure is followed in situ by HEXRD for Mg60Zn33Ca7 and Mg50Zn43Ca7. Intermetallic compounds IM1 and IM3 and hcp-Mg phase are proposed to be formed in multiple crystallisation eventss.
