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1.
J Med Chem ; 65(5): 4291-4317, 2022 03 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35179904

ABSTRACT

Glucokinase (GK) is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis, and its small-molecule activators represent a promising opportunity for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Several GK activators have been advanced into clinical trials and have demonstrated promising efficacy; however, hypoglycemia represents a key risk for this mechanism. In an effort to mitigate this hypoglycemia risk while maintaining the efficacy of the GK mechanism, we have investigated a series of amino heteroaryl phosphonate benzamides as ''partial" GK activators. The structure-activity relationship studies starting from a "full GK activator" 11, which culminated in the discovery of the "partial GK activator" 31 (BMS-820132), are discussed. The synthesis and in vitro and in vivo preclinical pharmacology profiles of 31 and its pharmacokinetics (PK) are described. Based on its promising in vivo efficacy and preclinical ADME and safety profiles, 31 was advanced into human clinical trials.


Subject(s)
Azetidines , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Hypoglycemia , Organophosphonates , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Glucokinase , Humans , Hypoglycemia/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Organophosphonates/pharmacology , Organophosphonates/therapeutic use
2.
J Med Chem ; 56(23): 9586-600, 2013 Dec 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24182233

ABSTRACT

Several strategies have been employed to reduce the long in vivo half-life of our lead CB1 antagonist, triazolopyridazinone 3, to differentiate the pharmacokinetic profile versus the lead clinical compounds. An in vitro and in vivo clearance data set revealed a lack of correlation; however, when compounds with <5% free fraction were excluded, a more predictable correlation was observed. Compounds with log P between 3 and 4 were likely to have significant free fraction, so we designed compounds in this range to give more predictable clearance values. This strategy produced compounds with desirable in vivo half-lives, ultimately leading to the discovery of compound 46. The progression of compound 46 was halted due to the contemporaneous marketing and clinical withdrawal of other centrally acting CB1 antagonists; however, the design strategy successfully delivered a potent CB1 antagonist with the desired pharmacokinetic properties and a clean off-target profile.


Subject(s)
Pyridazines/pharmacokinetics , Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors , Triazoles/pharmacokinetics , Animals , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Drug Discovery , Half-Life , Protein Binding , Pyridazines/chemistry , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triazoles/chemistry
3.
Nature ; 447(7147): 959-65, 2007 Jun 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17554340

ABSTRACT

Adipocyte fatty-acid-binding protein, aP2 (FABP4) is expressed in adipocytes and macrophages, and integrates inflammatory and metabolic responses. Studies in aP2-deficient mice have shown that this lipid chaperone has a significant role in several aspects of metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Here we demonstrate that an orally active small-molecule inhibitor of aP2 is an effective therapeutic agent against severe atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes in mouse models. In macrophage and adipocyte cell lines with or without aP2, we also show the target specificity of this chemical intervention and its mechanisms of action on metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Our findings demonstrate that targeting aP2 with small-molecule inhibitors is possible and can lead to a new class of powerful therapeutic agents to prevent and treat metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.


Subject(s)
Atherosclerosis/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Adipocytes/drug effects , Adipocytes/metabolism , Adipose Tissue/cytology , Adipose Tissue/drug effects , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Animals , Apolipoproteins E/deficiency , Apolipoproteins E/genetics , Atherosclerosis/genetics , Atherosclerosis/metabolism , Biphenyl Compounds/metabolism , Cell Line , Cholesterol/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus/genetics , Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism , Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Humans , Inflammation/metabolism , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Macrophages/drug effects , Macrophages/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Mutant Strains , Models, Biological , Obesity/genetics , Obesity/metabolism , Pyrazoles/metabolism
4.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 17(12): 3511-5, 2007 Jun 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17502136

ABSTRACT

Herein we report the first disclosure of biphenyl azoles that are nanomolar binders of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aFABP or aP2) with up to thousand-fold selectivity against muscle fatty acid binding protein and epidermal fatty acid binding protein. In addition a new radio-ligand to determine binding against the three fatty acid binding proteins was also synthesized.


Subject(s)
Adipocytes/drug effects , Azoles/antagonists & inhibitors , Biphenyl Compounds/antagonists & inhibitors , Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology , Adipocytes/metabolism , Animals , Binding Sites , Disease Models, Animal , Epidermis/metabolism , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemical synthesis , Hypolipidemic Agents/chemical synthesis , Mice , Models, Chemical , Radioligand Assay
5.
J Med Chem ; 49(16): 5013-7, 2006 Aug 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16884313

ABSTRACT

The NMR structure is presented for compound 1 (BMS-480404) (Ki = 33 (+/-2) nM) bound to keratinocyte fatty acid-binding protein. This article describes interactions between a high affinity drug-like compound and a member of the fatty acid-binding protein family. A benzyl group ortho to the mandelic acid in 1 occupies an area of the protein that fatty acids do not normally contact. Similar to that in the kFABP-palmitic acid structure, the acid moiety in 1 is proximal to R129 and Y131. Computational modeling indicates that the acid moiety in 1 interacts indirectly via a modeled water molecule to R109.


Subject(s)
Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/chemistry , Keratinocytes/metabolism , Binding Sites , Computer Simulation , Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Humans , Ligands , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure
6.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 14(20): 5067-70, 2004 Oct 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15380200

ABSTRACT

5-Carboxamido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes have been identified as potent inhibitors of microsomal triglyceride-transfer protein. The 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorine functionality acted as a neutral and stable replacement for piperidine and piperidine N-oxide.


Subject(s)
Amides/chemical synthesis , Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Cyclic P-Oxides/chemical synthesis , Amides/chemistry , Amides/pharmacology , Animals , Benzimidazoles/chemistry , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Cricetinae , Cyclic P-Oxides/chemistry , Cyclic P-Oxides/pharmacology , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship
7.
J Med Chem ; 47(10): 2587-98, 2004 May 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15115400

ABSTRACT

A series of methanoprolinenitrile-containing dipeptide mimetics were synthesized and assayed as inhibitors of the N-terminal sequence-specific serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). The catalytic action of DPP-IV is the principle means of degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1, a key mediator of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and DPP-IV inhibition shows clinical benefit as a novel mechanism for treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, many of the reversible inhibitors to date suffer from chemical instability stemming from an amine to nitrile intramolecular cyclization. Installation of a cyclopropyl moiety at either the 3,4- or 4,5-position of traditional 2-cyanopyrrolidide proline mimetics led to compounds with potent inhibitory activity against the enzyme. Additionally, cis-4,5-methanoprolinenitriles with beta-branching in the N-terminal amino acid provided enhanced chemical stability and high inhibitory potency. This class of inhibitors also exhibited the ability to suppress prandial glucose elevations after an oral glucose challenge in male Zucker rats.


Subject(s)
Cyclopropanes/chemical synthesis , Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Nitriles/chemical synthesis , Proline/analogs & derivatives , Proline/chemical synthesis , Animals , Computer Simulation , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cyclopropanes/chemistry , Cyclopropanes/pharmacology , Dipeptides/chemistry , Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/chemistry , Drug Stability , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemical synthesis , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Male , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Mimicry , Nitriles/chemistry , Nitriles/pharmacology , Proline/chemistry , Proline/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Zucker , Solutions
8.
J Org Chem ; 64(15): 5504-5510, 1999 Jul 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11674614

ABSTRACT

Radical cyclization of 1-(2-bromophenylamino)cyclohexanecarbonitriles (3, X = CH) and 4-(2-bromophenylamino)-4-piperidinecarbonitriles (3, X = N) provide spiro[2H-indole-2-cyclohexan]-3(1H)-imines (5, X = CH) and spiro[2H-indole-2,4'-piperidin]-3(1H)-imines (5, X = N), respectively, in 33-57% yields. This contradicts a recent report that 1-(2-bromophenylamino)cyclohexanecarbonitrile (3, X-R(2) = CH(2)), treated under apparently identical conditions, led only to nitrile transfer product 6 (X-R(2) = CH(2)). Acidic hydrolyses of the imines provide the corresponding ketones 2 in quantitative yields. Single-crystal X-ray analyses of ketone 2e and nitrile 3e indicate that the relative configuration of the aromatic nitrogen has been inverted during the cyclization. In addition, NOE NMR analyses of spiroindolepiperidine 2c and its aniline-nitrogen-methylated analogue 10a show that the relative conformation of the piperidine ring has inverted. Thus, methylation of 2c acts as a conformational "switch" for the spiroindolepiperidine ring system.

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